ckxksj dh gosyh

ckxksj dh gosyhA egt ,d gosyh ugha cfYd esokM+h 'kku&'kkSdr vkSj lkeUrh jgu&lgu dh izrhd gSA ;g gosyh ml laLd`fr dh >yd gS] ftlesa esokM+ lkezkT; ds vkpkj&fopkj] izFkk,¡] dyk&dkS'ky] fo'okl] :fp;ka vkSj rRdkyhu lH;rk ds fnXn'kZu gksrs gSaA

ckxksj dh gosyh ds pkSd&pkSckjs] >jks[ks] xks[kM+s] ckjknjh] d{k] ldM+s Hkwy&HkwyS;k okys ekxZ] esokM+h 'kku&'kkSdr vkSj lkeUrh BkB&ckV ds izrhd FksA gosyh ds pIis&pIis ij fj;klrh laLd`fr dh bckjr fy[kh xbZA le; us djoV yh vkSj mn;iqj fLFkr esokM+h okLrq f'kYi dk ;g vizfre >jks[kk &ckxksj dh gosyh ds gj d{k vkSj gj dkSus esa igys ls myV ;gka yksd&dykdkjksa dh vkoktkoh rFkk yksd laLd`fr dh vuqxwat gSA vc ;gka gkFkh dh fpaxkM+ vkSj ?kksM+s dh fgu&fgukgV ds LFkku ij ,drkjk vkSj jko.kgRFks ij Loj ygfj;ka lqukbZ iM+rh gSA jtokM+h 'kku&'kkSdr okys L=h&iq#"kksa dh txg vc yksd&dykdkjksa us ysyh gSA

fj;klr dky esa ^gosyh* ijEijk jgh ijUrq vU; jtokM+h gosfy;ksa ls ckxksj dh gosyh dh ckr gh U;kjh gSA fj;klrksa ds jkT;ksa esa foy; ds lkFk gh oä us djoV yh vkSj lewpk ifjn`'; cny x;kA i;ZVdksa ds LoxZ mn;iqj fLFkr esokM+h okLrqf'kYi dk vuqie LFky ckxksj dh gosyh dk dkSuk&dkSuk ml dky [k.M ds jgu&lgu] [kku&iku] iwtk&ikB] 'kkS;Z] ohjRo vkSj lkaLd`frd tuthou dh eqag cksyrh dgkuh c;ka djrk gSA bl fj;klrh gosyh esa vc if'pe {ks= lkaLd`frd dsUnz dk eq[;ky; gS] tgka pIis&pIis ij] gosyh ds yxHkx 138 LFkyksa ,oa d{kksa esa if'pe Hkkjr dh yksd laLd`fr laj{k.k] lao/kZu ,oa mUu;u ds dk;Z&dyki lapkfyr gSaA

fo'o izfl) fo'kky tyjkf'k okyh ,sfrgkfld fiNksyk >hy ds fdukjs mn;iqj ds jktegyksa ds ik'oZ esa fLFkr ;g gosyh x.kxkSj ?kkV ij fLFkr gS tgka fj;klrh dky ls x.kxkSj vkSj rht+ R;ksgkjksa dk dsUnz jgh vc ns'kh&fons'kh lSykfu;ksa dh je.k LFkyh gSA fiNksyk >hy] blesa cus [;kfr izkIr tx&fuokl tks vc rkt xzqi dk flrkjk gksVy gS vkSj tx efUnj tgka 'kgtkns [kqjZe dks vkJe fn;k Fkk] i;ZVd gosyh ls bl uSlfxZd lkSUn;Z dks fugkjrs&fugkjrs izQqYy gkss tkrs gSa vkSj fnu Hkj dSejksa dh fDyd&fDyd xwatrh jgrh gSA ,d vksj tgka mUgsa gosyh dk iqjkru f'kYi yqHkkrk gS ogha nwljh vksj >hy ls vkrk eUn&eUn iou muds ân; esa fljgu iSnk djrk gSA

x.kxkSj ?kkV ij foLr`r bl rhu efUtyh gosyh esa lqUnj dkWp dh uDdk'kh] [kwclwjr fp=dkjh] iPphdkjh ,oa jktizkln 'kSyh ds f'kYi lkSUn;Z ds fnXxn'kZu lSykfu;ksa ds vkd"kZ.k rks gSa gh] lkFk gh bUgsa izfrfnu lkaLd`frd dsUnz }kjk lapkfyr lkaLd`frd vk;kstu ^/kjksgj* ds ek/;e ls yksd laLd`fr ds vusd vk;keksa ds lkFk :c: djk;k tkrk gSA ftl gosyh esa igys eU=.kk;sa gksrh Fkh] ikfjokfjd jkl jax] rht&R;ksgkj] x.kxkSj ds mRlo gksrs] gkFkh dh fpaxkM+ vkSj ?kksM+ksa dh fgufgukV Fkh vc gj fnu ;gka yksdu`R; vkSj laxhr] fj;klrh jgu&lgu vkSj gosyh tuthou ij laxzgky; ftlesa laxhr ,oa f'k{kk d{k] cSBd] jlksM+k] ijs.Mk] ekthlk dk dejk] iwtk d{k] Lukukxkj] J`axkj d{k] x.kxkSj d{k] vkeksn&izeksn d{k] 'k;u d{k vkfn gSa] ogha dsUnz dh vU; xfrfof/k;ksa esa dBiqryh d{k] iqLrdky;] fp= chFkh] fp=dkjksa ds fy, xzkfQd xfrfof/k;ka vck/k jgrh gSA QOokjk pkSd vkSj rqylh pkSd tks dHkh jktlh yksxksa ds euksjatu vkSj okrkZyki ds LFky Fks] vc ogka fur jkst yksdxhr ,oa u`R;ksa ls 'kke ltrh gS vkSj lSykfu;ksa dks Hkkjrh; laLd`fr ds lgt n'kZu gksrs gSaA blds vfrfjä ;gka le; le; ij dk;Z'kkyk,a] laxksf"B;ka rFkk izf'k{k.k f'kfoj vk;ksftr gksrs gSaA

bl gosyh dk fuek.kZ esokM+ 'kklu ds iz/kku ea=h vejflag cM+ok us jk.kk lTtu flag ds dk;Zdky foØe laor~ 1671 esa djk;kA gosyh ds f=iksfy;k }kj ds Åij egkjk.kk lTtu flag ds firk 'kfä flag us dPN egy 1878 esa fufeZr djk;kA

bl gosyh dk fuek.kZ jk.kk lTtu flag ds dk;Zdky foØe laor~ 1671 esa gqvkA vejflag cM+ok rc esokM+ 'kklu ds iz/kku ea=h FksA os blh Hkou esa jgrs FksA vejflag cM+ok fu%laUrku gksus ls mudh e`R;q ds mijkUr ;g gosyh ckxksj ds fBdkus dks ns nh xbZA gosyh esa f=iksfy;k }kj ds Åij egkjk.kk lTtu flag ds firk 'kfä flag us dPN egy 1878 esa fufeZr djk;kA dkWp dh 'kkunkj dkjhfxjh dk ;g fgLlk cgqr lqUnj vkSj [kwclwjr gSA laxejejh izklkn ds njoktksa] >jks[kksa] rkdksa esa iPphdkjh dk dke o dkWp ds csycwVs] Qwy vkSj xqynkojh dh drkjsa] if{k;ksa dh vkd`fr;ka vkfn dk eueksgd dk;Z vkt Hkh oSlh gh uk;kc >yd fy;s gq, gSA dkWp dh bl dkjhfxjh esa futZu ou esas Mksyrs gkFkh dh rLohjsa Ådsjh xbZ gSaA ckgj nksuksa >jks[kksa esa dkWp ds u;ukfHkjke eksj cus gq, gSaA blh dkWp dh dkjhfxjh vkSj izkd`frd lkSUn;Z ds dkj.k bl gosyh dks lnk ls izflf) feyrh jghA gosyh esa jaxhu dkWp ds 'kh'kksa ds tfj, dejksa esa vkrh /kwi ,oa izdk'k dk utkjk ,d vyx gh izdkj ds vkuUn dh vuqHkwfr nsrk gSA rhoz xehZ vkSj /kwi esa Hkh dkWp ds izHkko ls >hy dk 'khry euksje n`'; eu dks Nw ysrk gSA ;gha ugha lewph >hy dk izfrfcEc bl gosyh ij iM+rk gS rks gosyh dh [kwclwjrh esa pkj pkan yx tkrs gSaA

fiNksyk dh vksj [kqys >jks[ks] mlesa ls >kadrh cjcl fuxkgsa] esgjkcnkj xqEcn vkSj esokM+h okLrqdyk ds xks[kM+ksa esa cSBs yksx] fugkjrs n`';] ;gka ij vk;ksftr gksus okys mRlo] R;ksgkj vkSj lekjksg ij ijLij dk gsy&esy vkSj lewps ijEijkxr ifjn`'; o BkB&ckV dks u;uksa esa lesVrs jtokM+h L=h&iq#"kksa dh ;g n`';koyh lgt gh lSykfu;ksa ds vka[kksa esa rSjus yxrh gSA ;gh ugha lnhZ esa xje vkSj xfeZ;ksa esa B.Ms jgus okys bu jktizklknksa esa enkZus pkSd&pkSckjs] ?kqM+lky] gkFkhBk.k] Åij&uhps cuh frckfj;ka] uhe ds o`{k] rqylh pkSjk] esgjkcnkjnkj LrEHk] Luku ?kj] J`xkaj&d{k] 'k;u d{k vkSj mudh fLFkfr] jtokM+h dkyØe esa] mudh jguh&lguh dh [kqyh iqLrd gSA gosyh dk eq[; }kj esokM+h jktizklkn ds njoktksa dh gh rtZ ij cM+s gh lqUnj <ax ls cuk gqvk gS] ftldh 'kksHkk vius vki ns[krs gh curh gSA bl gosyh dh Nr ls mn;iqj ds izfl) egy lTtux<+] fiNksyk esa fLFkr txfuokl] tx efUnj] uVuh dk pkSjk] >hy ds bZnZ&fxnZ efUnjksa dh foLr`r J`a[kyk vkSj uxj ds ,d fgLls dh clkoV lgt vka[kksa esa lek tkrh gSA 'kjn iwf.kZek ds fnu ckxksj dh gosyh dk izfrfcac ,d vyx gh vkHkk;qä yxrk gSA

ckxksj dh gosyh esa izos'k djus ds iwoZ x.kxksj ?kkV ls lVk gqvk ,d LFkku gS] tks njokts ls can ^^i[kky ?kkV** dgykrk gSA ;gka ls fd'rh rc e'kdksa ls ikuh Hkjrs FksA izos'k }kj ls igys eksj pkSd gSA ck;ha rjQ ckxksj fBdkus ds NksVs HkkbZ;ksa dh usrkoy gosyh gSA nk;ha vksj uhps ?kqM+lky mlds Åijh eafUty ij njh[kkuk o dkWp ds 'kh'k egy gSaA izos'k }kj ls lVk gqvk dejk equhe dkenkjksa dk gSA blds lkFk lVs dejs gSa] os igys ugha Fks] vUnj dh ?kqM+lky gksrh FkhA lkeus gkFkh x<+&gkFkh<+k.k FkkA blds vklikl Qjk'k [kkuk gqvk djrk FkkA vUnj ladjs&ladjs xfy;kjs uqek jkLrs cuk, x,A ;g Hkh dgk tkrk gS fd gosyh ds vUnj gh vUnj ls jktekxZ rd dk jkLrk gqvk djrk FkkA ij bldk dksbZ izek.k ugha feyk gSA x.ks'k M~;ks<+h esa izos'k ls igys nk;ha vksj fiNksyk >hy ij tkus dk ekxZ vkSj ?kkV gSA jktizklkn esa uko ls vkus&tkus ,oa x.kxksj dh lokjh esa vkus&tkus dk fo'ks"k dj tuuh Mksfy;ka mrjus&p<+us dk ekxZ gSA ;gh cus nks dejksa esa ls ,d x.kxksj ekrk dk gS ftlesa x.kxksj dh ewfrZ vkSj muds oL=kfn j[ks tkrs FksA ;gha ls lhf<+;ka p<+rs gh QOokjk pkSd vkrk gSA ;gha ck.kukFkth dk efUnj gS ftldh Nr ij ikuh ds gkSt cus Fks ftuesa jgV }kjk ikuh Hkjk tkrk FkkA ck.kukFkth ds efUnj ds >jks[kksa ls ikuh fxjrk Fkk tks fQj ls fiNksyk esa fey tkrk FkkA ;gka ikuh ls pkSd esa QOokjs pyrs Fks tks gosyh dks xehZ esa 'khryrk nsrs FksA ;g fgLlk tukuk pkSd dk gqvk djrk FkkA rc ;gka ck.kukFkth dh cM+s euksHkko ls iwtk vpZuk gksrh FkhA pkSd efgykvksa dh xfrfof/k;ksa dk dsUnz FkkA bls dHkh dey pkSd Hkh dgrs FksA ;gha daojink egy gSA pkSd ds Åijh eafty ij tgka bl le; xsLV gkml gS njh[kkuk gqvk djrk Fkk tgka gj efgykvksa ds cSBus dk LFkku fuf'pr FkkA iq#"kksa dh Hkkafr efgykvksa ds Hkh njh[kkuk gqvk djrs FksA dey pkSd ds ik'oZ esa Bkdqjth dk pkSd gS] ftls vc rqylh pkSd tkuk tkrk gSA ;g pkSjl Hkou gSA blesa Åij nks efUty vkSj blds uhps ,d vkSj efUty gS tks ek.kd pkSd esa [kqyrk gSA tukuh M~;kS<+h esa Åij&uhps lkr&lkr dejs vkSj Bkdqjth ds nks dejs vyx ls gSaA bu dejksa ds uke ;gka jgus okyh lkeUrksa dh ifRu;ksa fBdkuksa ds uke ls gksrk FkkA Åij rhljh efUty ds dejs vkokl ds Fks tks vkSj uhps ds dejs fuft lkeku gksrs FksA bl tukuk egy ds dejksa ds uke bl rjg Fks % cgw chdkusjh] ekath esM+rk.kh] nknh lkl dh pkSikM+] fljksgh vkfnA efgykvksa ds uke ls ugha cfYd fBdkuksa ds uke ls dejs tkus tkrs FksA tc ftl fBdkus dh efgyk,a ;gka vkrh Fkh mu dejksa ds uke cny tkrs FksA ihrkEcj ukFkth Bkdqj th ds pkSd] tukuh M~;kS<+h ds Åij daojink egy ds Åij jaxegy gSA bldh fo'ks"k fLFkfr gSA ;gha lqUnj fp=dkjh dh gqbZ gSA ;w rks iwjs egy ds izeq[k fgLlksa esa fp=dkjh gS rFkkfi izeq[k fgLlksa esa cgqr mEnk fp=dkjh gqb gSA tks vc dkQh Qhds gks x, gSa] dgha lQsnh iqr xbZ gS] fdjk;snkjksa us gosyh ds dbZ fgLlksa dks {kr&fo{kr Hkh fd;k gSA vc rks dksbZ uke ek= ds nks ,d fp= dqN Bhd&Bhd jaxegy esa cps yxrs gSaA

bl gosyh esa Hkh vkus tkus ds vusd ladM+&ladM+s jkLrs gSa vkSj NksVs&NksV njoktksa okys izos'k }kj ftudk egRo lqj{kk dh n`f"V ls gqvk djrk Fkk rkfd dksbZ vpkud ihNs ls ryokj mBk dj u ekj nsA ;gh O;oLFkk egkjk.kkvksa ds jktizklknksa esa Hkh gSA ;gh ugha izR;sd vkarfjd egy ls ckgj vkus tkus ds jkLrs vyx&vyx ,oa vusd lh<+h ekxZ gSaA

bl gosyh dh Nr ij NksVh cqtZ] cM+h cqtZ gS] tgka ls fiNksyk] lTtux<+ vkSj lkeus ds jE; izkd`frd n`';koyh o x.kxksj ds n`'; ns[ks tk ldrs gSaA uhps ek.kd pkSd esa Åij tukuk egy dk gh ,d fgLlk g]S tks fiNksyk >hy dh vksj gSA bls igys dksLV~;we vkSj vc dBiqryh E;wft;e cuk;k x;k gSA ;gh ugha jfuokl ds lkekU; dkedkt+] njh[kkuk ,oa egyksa vkUrfjd fgLlksa esa pyrs jgus okyh ikfjokfjd xfrfof/k;ksa dk fgLlk FkhA Nr ij ty ?kM+h gqvk djrh FkhA dikl ds fn;s tyk;s tkrs FksA ck.kukFkth ,oa ihrkEcj ukFk th ds lsokiwtk dh [kkl O;oLFkk Fkh vkSj egyksa jgus okys L=h&iq#"k bu nksuksa gosyh efUnjksa esa lsok&iwtk djrs FksA fiNksyk dh vksj [kqyus okys njh[kkus o dey pkSd esa eqt+js gqvk djrs Fks vkSj euksjatu ds rFkk u`R;&xku&Hktu vkfn ds vk;kstu Hkh gqvk djrs FksA bl le; usrkoy gosyh dk tks fgLlk gS] ml le; jlksM+s gqvk djrs FksA jlksM+s nks izdkj ds Fks] ,d czkã.kh vkSj nwljk lkfe"kA gosyh esa lkeqfgd Hkkstu iÙky&nksuksa esa vkSj jaxegyks esa pkanh ds Fkky esa ijkslk tkrk FkkA ijUrq Fkky ds uhps iÙky j[kus dh ijEijk jk.kkth ds Fkh] ogh buds Hkh gqvk djrh FkhA vf/kdrj [kku&iku] jgu&lgu egyksa ds leku gh gksrk FkkA

gosyh ds bZnZ&fxnZ ,oa fiNksyk ds ?kkVksa ij vusd efUnj gSaA dqN efUnj izkphu rks dqN le;≤ ij fufeZr gq,A lqcg&'kke ;gka ?kaVk ukan ,oa iwtk&vpZuk gksrh gSA ckxksj dh gosyh ls gh lVk gqvk ,d f=iksfy;k njoktk tks jktuxj ds lQsn laxejej ls cuk lqUnj dkWp dh uDdk'kh vkSj fp=dkjh ;qä gSA bldk fuekZ.k vejpan cM+ok us djok;kA ;gha tks x.kxksj ?kkV gS] ;gka rRdkyhu jk.kkvksa dh jkT; laLd`fr ls yxk dj vkt rd ;g R;ksagkj blh ?kkV ij euk;k tkrk gSA lc dqN oSlk gh cl jktlh BkB&ckV vkSj oSlh jkSud vc ughaA lewpk mRlo orZeku lkekftd ,oa /kkfeZd ifjos'k esa gksrk gSA ;gha ls x.kxksj dh lokjh fudyrh gSA jk.kkvksa ds dky ds mRlo vkSj lokjh dh ckr gh U;kjh FkhA rc jk.kkth gkFkh ij lokj gks dj jktlh lHkklnksa o lkeUrksa ds lkFk mifLFkr gksrs FksA iwjk ?kkV xkts&ckts] lekjksg dh eueksgd ltkoV] jax&fcjaxs ifj/kku esa lth x.kxksj ,oa efgykvksa&iq#"kksa dh ekStwnxh ls okrkoj.k ljkcksj jgrk FkkA

jk.kk vkSj lkeUr lHkh lknxh Hkjh thou thrs Fks] fn[kkos vkSj ,s'kks&vkjke dh ftUnxh ls ijs FksA esokM+ lnk gh ;q) esa layXu jgk] ijUrq tc 'kkfUr dky vk;k rks vo'; BkB&ckV esa fdafpr c<+ksrjh ns[kh xbZA mlh vuqikr esa lkeUrkas vkSj gosyh ds lHkklnksa ds thou esa Hkh FkksM+k vUrj vo'; ns[kus dks feykA vU; lkeUrksa gh ds leku bl gosyh ds lkeUr Hkh vius jk.kk ds vku&cku&'kku vkSj e;kZnk ds fy, lnk m|Ùk jgrs FksA tc dHkh egkjk.kk gosyh esa vkrs rks lkeUr lnk gh njh[kkus esa uhps gh cSBrs FksA dqflZ;ka vkSj lksQs ugha gksrs FksA njh[kkus esa njh vksj Åij cM+k xík rFkk e[keyh pknj gksrk FkkA ihNs eksMk vkSj ik'oZ esa xksy rfd, gksrs FksA jk.kkth ;gka vkdj lkeUrksa dh rFkk ifjokj dh dq'ky{kse iwNrs FksA lkeUr vR;Ur lfg".kq vkSj lknxh thou thus okys gqvk djrs FksA gosyh esa izkr%dky mBrs gh cgqvksa dks lkl ds ikl iSj Nwus] ixs ykxus tkuk gksrk FkkA budh igyh lUrku dk fookg Lo;a jk.kkth djokrs FksA igyh 'kknh dk [kpZ vkSj cUnkscLr egyksa ls gksrk FkkA xgus&diM+s&yÙks egyksa ls vkrs FksA fj'rk Hkh jk.kkth dh lgefr ls gksrk FkkA 'ks"k iq=&iqf=;ksa dk fookg lkeUrksa ds vius [kpZ ls gksrk Fkk ijUrq oj fudklh egyksa ls gksrh FkhA igyh laUrku dk ukedj.k Lo;a njckj djrs FksA Jk) i{k ds vykok efgyk,a xksVk&fdukjh ds oL= igurh FkhA gosyh esa pkanh ds >wys vkSj crZu gksrs FksA Luku ?kj esa dM+s okyh dksfB;ka] xaxktyh vkSj ykSBk gksrk FkkA uk;uth Luku djkrh FkhA iq#"k xM+ck ysdj [kM+k jgrk FkkA /kk;ckbZ cky&cPpksa dks iky&iksl dj cM+k djrh FkhA gosyh ds ck.kukFkth vkSj ihrkEdcjth efUnj esa lkykuk o"kZ xkaB] cPpksa ds tUe fnol ij fo'ks"k vuq"Bku vkSj mRlo gksrs FksA gosyh esa jk.kkth dh jhfr&fjokt okyh gh ixfM+;ka ckU/kuh gksrh Fkh vkSj mlh vuqØe esa njh[kkus gksrs FksA gosyh esa Hkh jaxegy ds gh jLe&fjokt FksA gosfy;ksa ds xks[kM+ksa esa fuekZ.k rduhd Hkh ogh lekurk gksrh Fkh] ijUrq fdlh Hkh gosyh esa jk.kkth ds egyksa dh cjkcjh ugha dh tkrh FkhA xks[kM+ksa ds uhps jaxhu jsts th t+ktesa fcNrh FkhA xknh&eksMkas ij js'keh&e[key ds dyi fd, gq, doj yxk, tkrs FksA insZ >jefj;ksa okys gksrs FksA jaxhu dkWp okyk egy 'kh'k egy o dp egy dgykrk FkkA gosfy;ksa esa ihry ds gqDds] Nr ij jaxhu gkafM;ka] eksecÙkh j[kus dk ykyVsu dk pkSjgk] nhid&nhoM+] ltkoVh f[kykSus] gkFkh&nkar dh oLrq,a] ihatjs] i{kh] dbZ fMtk;uksa ds :bZ ds insZ gksrs FksA tukuk egy dks ^jkoyk* cksyrs FksA iyax tks pkanh ds ik;ksa dk gksrk Fkk mls ^lkaxoks* dgrs Fks vkSj ml ij fuokj jgrh FkhA fuokj ij doj jgrkA cM+k fcLrj o xyhpk fcNk jgrk FkkA iyax ij 4&6 rfd, jgrs FksA xky rfd, Hkh gksrs FksA gkFk rfd, vyx ls jgrs FksA iyax ds Lyksi gksrs ftls ^iM+ik;k* dgrs gSaA iyax ds pknj dks otuh 'ksj ls ca/kk j[krs rkfd pknj b/kj&m/kj f[klds ughaA lkeku j[kus dh isfV;ksa dks eatw"k dgrsA bu ij lqUnj diM+k yxk jgrk FkkA ,d iks"kkd dh vksojh gksrh FkhA Hk.Mkj esa ?kjsyw lkeku gksrsA xgus j[kus ds fy, pkanh ds Mcwls jgrsA 'kjkc ihus ds I;kys] pqf'fd;ka pkanh ds gksrs FksA gosfy;ksa esa gkFkh Bk.k o ?kqM+lky ls lewph gosyh esa jkSud jgrh Fkh vkSj egyksa lh xfrfof/k;ka lapkfyr gksrh FkhA

vf/kdka'k ljnkj izkr% lw;ksZan; ds le; mBrs FksA mBdj b"Vnso ds n'kZu djrsA 'kkSp vkfn ls fufo`r gks feêh ls ckjg ckj gkFk i{kkyu djrsA pk; dk izpyu ugha FkkA Luku cktksV ij cSB dj] ?kMs+ ls ykSBs }kjk gksrk FkkA lkcwu dk iz;ksx ugha FkkA Luku ds var esa ?kM+s ds ikuh esa tjk xaxkty feyk;k djrs Fks vkSj vfUre Luku xaxkty ls djrs FksA Luku ds le; da/ks ij ,d oL= jgrk FkkA cM+s lkeUrksa ds ;gka djekUrjh xaxkygjh ds lLoj ikB djrs FksA 'kjhj ikSaNus ds fy, yack oL= ^Mhy iwaNf.k;ks* rksfy;k gksrk FkkA Luku ls iwoZ {kkSj deZ gksrk FkkA vLoLFkk ds nkSjku Luku ugha gksrk FkkA pUnzxzg.k vkSj lw;Zxzg.k ds i'pkr Luku vfuok;Z FkkA izk;% Luku can dejs esa gksrk Fkk ij dHkh [kqys esa HkhA Luku ds le; iqjksfgr flj vkSj /kM+ rd gkFk yxk ldrs Fks] ijUrq ukbZ vkfn uhps ds vaxksa dks ikSaNrs FksA Luku ls iwoZ ekfy'k djrs vkSj oftZ'k] igyokuh Hkh djrs FksA jk.kkth ds cqykos ij igyokuh egyksa esa gksrh vU;Fkk dgha ckgj gksrhA v[kkM+s dh O;oLFkk gosfy;ksa esa izk;% ugha gksrh FkhA Luku ds mijkUr eyey dk dqrkZ] eyey dh cxyc.Mh] lQsn /kksrh] flj ij vaxksNk] xys esa #nzk{k] dh ekyk igurs FksA oL= iguus ds i'pkr lkeUr yksx iwtk esa cSBrs vkSj djekU=h fof/k fo/kku ls iwtk djkrk FkkA Lo;a lkeUr lkFk&lkFk eU=kspkj.k djrsA ekyk ti pyrk vkSj izkr% iwtk ds i'pkr~ dFkk 'kq# gksrhA dFkk okpu Hkê&esokM+k czkã.k djrs FksA bl le; lkeUrx.k lifjokj mifLFkr jgrs FksA tukuk insZ esa cSBrs FksA iwtk&ikB ds fy, lsod jgrk FkkA efUnj esa lnk Hkksx p<+rk FkkA iwtk ds mijkUr if{k;ksa dks /kku Mkyk tkrk FkA czkã.k dks frl ls Hkjk dVksjk nku gksrk FkkA

Luku&iwtk ikB ds ckn lkeUrx.k e/;kà iwoZ Hkkstu djrsA Hkkstu vius ifjokj] lxs vkSj tukuk ds lkFk djrsA lk;a 15&20 yksxksa dk Hkkstu gksrk FkkA tc iq#"k Hkkstu dj jgs gkrss rks tukuk ugha gksrk FkkA 'kkdkgkjh vkSj ekalkgkjh nksuksa izdkj dk Hkkstu ijkslk tkrk FkkA llkeUr xyhps vkSj xknh ij cSBrs] tcfd vU; nksuksa vksj iaxr esa lQsn ikafr, ij Hkkstu djrsA Hkkstu ds le; cSBs&cSBs gh vfHkoknu dk fjokt+ FkkA Hkkstu ds pkanh ds Fkky ds uhps iyk'k ds iÙks dh ckt ^^iukoM+k** j[kuk vfuok;Z FkkA crZu pkanh ds gksrs FksA Hkkstu djus ls iwoZ Hkkstu dks nsokiZ.k dj ^^milku** ds le; djekU=h eU=kspkj.k djrkA rn~ijkUr xaxkty ls vkpeu ds mijkUr Hkkstu izkjaHk gksrkA tks ljnkj Hkkstu ugha djrs mUgsa Fkky esa ls ijlknh nh tkrh FkhA Hkkstu 'kkdkgkjh vkSj ekalkgkjh nksuksa izdkj dk gksrk FkkA nks&rhu izdkj ds ekal] eksVh ?k`r ;qä] vk/kh ?kh&;qä] pqiM+h vkSj fcuk pqiM+h jksVh gksrh FkhA is;ty ds fy, vuqpj jgrk FkkA ik=ksa ij uke [kqnk jgrk FkkA Hkkstu ds mijkUr rkEcwy dk lsou fd;k tkrk FkkA

HkksT; lkexzh esa ^^lks;rk** iqyko] jksVh] pkoy&nky] puk] mM+n] ewax] rqvj dh nkys] esokM+ dh izpfyr feBkbZ;ka] yìw] tysch] Qh.kh] ?ksoj] [kktk] lhjk] ykIlh rFkk ekSleh lfCt;ka vkfn gksrh FkhA Hkkstu ds ckn vkjke vkSj fQj egyksa esa tkuk gksrk FkkA e|iku dk izpyu Fkk vkSj leUr vius oxZ ds lkeUrksa] fBdkusnkjksa ds lkFk vFkok vius tukus ds lkFk e|iku djrs FksA e| esa vklks] xqykc] nqckjk vkfn e| is; gksrs FksA ihus ds crZuksa esa nk: pq'dh] I;kyk o fxykl vkfn jgrs FksA 'kjkc ds lkFk ^^[kkjcw>.kk** [kk|ksa esa lwyk] Qklyk] fVfd;k] lekslk] fi'rk] dktw vkSj cknke vkfn ijksls tkrs FksA jkf= Hkkstu tukuk ds lkFk gh pyrk FkkA lkeUrksa dh efgyk;sa Hkh e|iku djrh FkhA HkkstuksijkUr gLr iz{kkyu ds fy, ,d ^^,d enkZfu;ka** ukbZ gkFk esa x<+ok fy, gksrk tks ^^ikys** crZu esa i{kkyu djkrk FkkA

;wa lkeUrksa ds vkgkj esa bu pht+ksa ds vykok Qh.kh] ?ksoj] lldqyh] vejl] dkyh jksVh] eBM+h] tysch] 'kDdj dh jksVh] nw/k dh jksVh] dslfj;k Hkkar f[kpM+h] xwatk] [kqjek] [khj] eqjCck] ehBk [khp] ikiM+] ikiM+h] [ksjk] vkpkj] nw/k&ngh]&NkN rFkk iNkoj vkfn jgrs FksA Qyksa esa ekSleh] cM+cksj] laso] vaxwj] dsyk] uk'kiÙkh] vukj o ve:n izeq[k gSA

lkeUrx.k ixM+h] vaxj[kh] pwM+hnkj iktkek] dejcUnk rFkk xys esa :eky igurs FksA R;ksgkj ds le; vej'kkgh ixM+h] Mks<+h rFkk MqIiêk igurs FksA dHkh dHkh vaxj[kh ij vpdu Hkh igurs FksA blds vykok ekSle vkSj jktdh; mRloksa vuqlkj Hkh igukos esa vUrj FkkA ixfM+;ka dbZ izdkj dh FkhA vyx&vyx izdkj dh ixfM+;ka vyx&vyx le; ij iguh tkrh FkhA vej'kkgh ixM+h c[kjek ixM+h ejtkfnd ixM+h] vjlh'kkgh ixM+h rFkk Hkhe'kkgh ixM+h gksrh FkhA lk/kkj.k ixM+h dks c[kjek ixM+h dgrs FksA ejtkfnd ixM+h mRloksa esa] vjlh'kkgh ixM+h dh [kM+h lh/kh Vksad dks eksM+dj rFkk lkeus dh vksj ds lyksa ds vis{kk caVek vksVs yxkdj iguh tkrh FkhA mejkoksa ds daojksa dks Hkhe'kkgh ixM+h cka/kuh gksrh FkhA mRlo ds le; ixM+h ij rqjkZ o Nksxk yxkuk vko';d FkkA lkeUrksa ds daoj gksdkj i{kh dh dyaxh yxkrs FksA cgqr igys ixM+h ij ckykcanh yxkbZ tkrh Fkh] ijUrq dkykUrj esa iNsM+h dk fjokt+ izkjEHk gqvkA izR;sd lkeUr dks viuh dej esa ryokj rFkk xqIrh cka/kuk t#jh FkkA lQj esa cUnwd vko';d FkhA clUr iapeh ls nhikoyh rd vej'kkgh ixM+h] rFkk ^^Mks<+h** nhikoyh ls vkxs iguh tkrh FkhA ikao esa twfr;ka iguh tkrh FkhA iwtk ds le; ,dyaxh /kksrh] vaxksNk] nq'kkyk igursA lnhZ esa nq'kky ds vfrfjä ixM+h Hkh iguh tkrh FkhA

efgykvksa dh iks"kkd esa eq[; :i ls xksVk&fdukjh dh dkapyh] ?kk?kjk vkSj vks<+uh iguh tkrh FkhA lkfM+;ksa esa dkyk ysgffj;k] ysgfj;k pwanM+h] Qkxf.k;k] jktk'kkgh ysgfj;k izpfyr FksA

vkHkw"k.k esa iq#"k dq.My] d.kZQwy] gkj] yM+] tM+kÅ ikSpk] cktwcUn rFkk eqfnzdk vkfn tsoj igurs FksA iq#"k ixM+h ij ljisp] jkRu tfM+r pUnzek] iNsoM+h dku esa eksrh] xys esa eksfr;ksa dk gkj] ukn] igqafp;s] dM+s] vaxwBh] ikao esa yaxj] ixlkadyk rFkk rksfM;s igrs FksA

fL=;ksa ds vkHkw"k.kksa esa flj ekax ij cksj&j[kM+h] dkuksa esa d.kZ Qwy] d.kZ dqyqtk] efPN;k] ihiyirjk] ,fjax] ukd esa uFk rFkk dkaVk] xys esa vusd izdkj ds gkj] daBh] iUuk tfVr fref.k;k] rqylh] daBljh] daBekyk] pUnzgkj] gkFkksa ds cktwcan] gFkQwy] pkanh&lksuk ds dM+s] pwfM+;ka] Mads dh pwfM+;ka] ?kqa?kfj;ksa dh pwfM+;ka] igqafp;s] dkad.k] HkqtcUn] Vhisa] yk[k vkSj gkFkh nkar dh pwfM+;ka] vaxwBh] dUnkSjk] ik;y] ?kqa?kj] >ka>fj;k] rksfM+;k] yaxj] fcNqfM+;ka rFkk tksM+ gksrh FkhA izlk/ku esa Luku gsrq mcVu rFkk b= dk iz;ksx FkkA efgyk,a niZ.k] daxk] [kq'kcwnkj rsy] b= ghuk] yosaMj o xqykc vkfn iz;ksx esa ysrh FkhA dsoM+k lsoa=h] [k] eksxjk vkSj eksrh ds b= izpfyr FksA

ckxksj ds lkeUrksa dh fu;qfä esokM+ jktra= dh dqyh; vk/kkj ij Fkh] tks esokM+ ds izeq[k egkjk.kk }kjk vius 'kklu ra= dks fuckZ/k pykus ds fy, lxks=h cka/ko lEcU/kh o dqy ds yksxksa ls lgk;rk izkIr djrs FksA vU; lkeUrksa dh rjg ckxksj ds lkeUr tkxhjnkj ds lkFk lkFk 'kklu ra= ds vga Hkwfedk dk fuokZg djus okys FksA ckxksj dh gosyh ds vusd lkeUrksa dk cpiu muds fBdkuksa esa gh chrrk vkSj ogha mUgsa f'k{kk&nh{kk rFkk 'kL= fo|k fl[kkbZ tkrh Fkh] ftlesa ?kqM+lokjh] rhj pykuk] ryokj ,oa cUnwd pykuk lfEefyr FksA uojkf= ij bl gosyh esa ukS fnu ekrkth dk iwtu gksrk FkkA

gosyh esa tukuk dejs vyx FksA mudks u rks dksbZ ns[k ldrk Fkk vkSj u gh ckrphr dj ldrk FkkA ihgj i{k ds feyus vkrs rks mUgsa njh[kkus esa Bgjk;k tkrk Fkk rFkk muds feyus dk LFkku vkSj le; fuf'pr dj fn;k tkrk FkkA gosyh esa jgus okyh efgyk;sa ygaxk] dkapyh] vksjuk vkfn igurh Fkh ijUrq R;ksgkjksa ij fo'ks"k oL= igus tkrs FksA MkofM+;ksa vkSj BqdjkbZu ds diM+ksa esa dsoy xq.koÙkk dk vUrj gksrk Fkk vU;Fkk oL= leku gksrs FksA gosyh dh Bqdjkbus vius lkefUr;ksa dh gosfy;ksa esa esytksy vkSj R;ksgkj ij ikydh esa cSB dj tkrh FkhA gosyh dh efgyk;s jkuh lkfgck ds lkFk R;ksgkj eukrh Fkh vkSj muds egy esa muds fy; LFkku Hkh fuf'pr jgrk FkkA efgykvksa dh os'kHkw"kk jax dks NksM+dj leku gksrh Fkh ijUrq cM+h jkuh ds oL= xq.koÙkk esa mPprk fy;s gksrs FksA R;ksgkjksa ij diM+kas ds izdkj fuf'pr FksA gfj;kyh vekoL;k ij gjk] Qkx.k ij Qkxq.kh vkSj clUr iapeh ij ihfy;k vkfn iguk tkrk FkkA

ckxksj dh gosyh%

esokM+h laLd`fr dk vizfre >jks[kk

ckxksj dh gosyhA egt ,d gosyh gh ugha gS] cfYd esokM+ ds xkSjo'kkyh bfrgkl] laLd`fr] dyk&dkS'ky] tuthou] lkeUrh jgu&lgu] 'kku&'kkSdr rFkk yksd&laLd`fr dh izrhd gSA ;g gosyh esokM+h okLrqf'kYi dk vizfre Hkjks[kk gS] ftlesa ml dky[kaM dh fojklr fo'okl rFkk :fp;kas ds fnXn'kZu gksrs gSaA fo'o fo[;kr fiNksyk >hy ds fdukjs ,d igkM+h ds fupys Nksj ij lh<+huqek 'kSyh esa fufeZr rhu efUtyh bl gosyh esa mn;iqj ds jktizklkn ds vuq:i lqUnj dkWp dh uDdk'kh] [kwclwjr iPphdkjh] fp=dkjh ,oa f'kYi lkSUn;Z dk lekos'k gSA

ckxksj dh gosyh ds pkSd&pkSckjs] >jks[ks] xks[kM+s] ckjknjh] d{k] ldM+s Hkwy&HkwyS;k ekxZ] esokM+h 'kku&'kkSdr vkSj lkeUrh BkB&ckV ds izrhd gSaA ;gka vkt Hkh gosyh ds pIis&pIis ij fj;klrh laLd`fr dh bckjr fy[kh gqbZ gSA le; us djoV yh vkSj mn;iqj fLFkr esokM+h okLrq f'kYi ds bl vizfre xok{k & ckxksj dh gosyh ds gj d{k vkSj gj dkSus esa igys ls myV vc ;gka yksd&dykdkjksa dh vkoktkgh rFkk yksd laLd`fr dh vuqxwat gSA ;gka gkFkh dh fpaxkM+ vkSj ?kksM+ksa dh fgu&fgukgV ds LFkku ij ,drkjk vkSj jko.kgRFks ij Loj ygfj;ka xwatrh lqukbZ iM+rh gSA jtokM+h 'kku&'kkSdr okys L=h&iq#"kksa dh txg vc ;gka yksd dykdkjksa rFkk f'kfYi;ksa us ys yh gSA

fj;klr dky esa txg&txg ^gosyh* ijEijk jgh] ijUrq jtokM+h vU; gosfy;ksa ls ckxksj dh gosyh dh ckr gh U;kjh gSA bl gosyh ds pkSd&pkSckjksa esa ckxksj ds jktdqekj vkSj esokM+ ds Hkkoh egkjk.kk [ksyk djrs Fks vkSj ;gha muds ifjtu jgk djrs FksA ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd ml dky esa ;g gosyh jk.kkvksa ds jktizklkn dk gh ,d y?kq :i FkhA fj;klrksa ds jkT;ksa esa foy; ds lkFk gh oä us djoV yh vkSj lewpk ifjn`'; cny x;kA i;ZVdksa ds LoxZ mn;iqj fLFkr esokM+h okLrqf'kYi dk vuqie LFky ckxksj dh gosyh dk dkSuk&dkSuk ml dky [k.M ds jgu&lgu] [kku&iku] iwtk&ikB] 'kkS;Z] ohjRo vkSj lkaLd`frd tuthou dh eqag cksyrh dgkuh c;ka djrk gSA ;g gosyh bl fygkt+ ls jktegyksa dh eku e;kZnk] jhfrfjokt] jgu&lgu dh gh vuqd`fr gSA bl fj;klrh gosyh esa vc if'pe {ks= lkaLd`frd dsUnz dk eq[;ky; gS] tgka pIis&pIis ij] gosyh ds yxHkx 138 LFkyksa ,oa d{kksa esa if'pe Hkkjr dh yksd laLd`fr ds laj{k.k] lao/kZu ,oa mUu;;u ds dk;Z&dyki xr <+kbZ n'kd ls lapkfyr gSaA

x.kxkSj ?kkV ij foLr`r bl rhu efUtyh gosyh esa jktizklkn 'kSyh dk ikSjkf.kd f'kYi lkSUn;Z] fuek.kZ dh fof'k"V jhfr dk vkyk&xhyk ¼Wet Process½] vk;fj'k] ?kqVkbZ rFkk lanyk dke] vkd"kZd fp=dkjh] uDdk'kh vkSj dk¡p ij lw{e iPphdkjh dyk rks lSykfu;ksa ds vkd"kZ.k gSa gh] lkFk gh bUgsa izfrfnu lkaLd`frd dsUnz }kjk lapkfyr lkaLd`frd vk;kstu ^/kjksgj* ds ek/;e ls izns'k dh yksd laLd`fr ds vusd vk;keksa ds lkFk :&c&: djk;k tkrk gSA ;g gosyh vius vki esa okLrfod LFkkiR; 'kSyh dk laxzgky; gS] ftlesa igys jktlh eU=.kk;sa gksrh Fkh] ikfjokfjd jkl jax] rht&R;ksgkj] x.kxkSj ds mRlo gksrs] xhr vkSj c/kkos xk;s tkrs Fks vc ;gka ds pkSd&pkSckjksa esa yksdxhrksa] u`R;ksa vkSj ifj"d`r laxgky; esa jtokM+h laLd`fr ds lgt n'kZu gksrs gSaA if'pe {ks= lkaLd`frd dsUnz us] gosyh dk iquuZohuhdj.k dj laxzgky; LFkkfir fd;k ftlesa 'kkgh ifjokjksa dh thou 'kSyh] LFkkiR;] lkaLÑfrd yksdkpkj ,oa iqjkru xkSjo dks gqcgw iznf'kZr fd;k x;kA fj;klrh jgu&lgu vkSj gosyh tuthou ij vk/kkfjr laxzgky; ftlesa laxhr f'k{kk d{k] cSBd] jlksM+k] ijs.Mk] ekthlk dk dejk] iwtk d{k] Lukukxkj] J`axkj d{k] x.kxkSj d{k] vkeksn&izeksn d{k] 'k;u d{k vkfn gSa] ogha dsUnz dh vU; xfrfof/k;ksa esa dBiqryh d{k] iqLrdky;] fp= chFkh] fp=dkjksa ds fy, xzkfQd xfrfof/k;ka vck/k :i ls pyrh jgrh gSA QOokjk pkSd vkSj rqylh pkSd tks dHkh jktlh yksxksa ds euksjatu vkSj okrkZyki ds LFky Fks] vc ogka fur jkst yksdxhr ,oa u`R;ksa ls 'kke ltrh gSA blds vfrfjä ;gka le; le; ij dk;Z'kkyk,a] laxksf"B;ka rFkk izf'k{k.k f'kfoj vk;ksftr gksrs gSaA

;gh ugha lnhZ esa xje vkSj xfeZ;ksa esa B.Ms jgus okys bl jktizklkn ls mn;iqj ds izfl) egy lTtux<+] fiNksyk esa fLFkr txfuokl ¼ysdisysl½] txefUnj] uVuh dk pkSjk] >hy ds bZnZ&fxnZ efUnjksa dh foLr`r J`a[kyk vkSj uxj ds ,d fgLls dh clkoV lgt vka[kksa esa lek tkrh gSA 'kjn iwf.kZek ds fnu ckxksj dh gosyh dk izfrfcac ,d vyx gh vkHkk;qä yxrk gSA

egkjk.kk dh fu%larku e`R;q ij mlh oa'k ds Hkzkrkvksa esa ls jktxíh dh gdnkjh Fkh] egkjk.kk laxzkeflag f}rh; ¼1710&1751½ ds mijkUr esokM+ jktrU= esa o"kZ 1828 ls 1884 dh vof/k esa ,sls pkj volj vk, tc laxzkeflag ds oa'k ds dqaoj ftudk fBdkuk ckxksj Fkk] vkSj ;g gosyh ckxksj dh gosyh ds uke ls izfl) Fkh] esokM+ ds egkjk.kk cusA ;s Fks % ljnkjflag] l:iflag] 'kaHkqflag] lTtuflag ftudk cpiu ckxksj dh gosyh ds pkSd o xfy;kjksa esa chrkA egkjk.kk Qrgflag ¼1884&1930½ us gosyh dks ß[kkylkÞ ?kksf"kr djds bls esokM+ jkT; esa feyk fn;kA muds mÙkjkf/kdkjh egkjk.kk Hkwikyflag ¼1930&1955½ us bl gosyh dk iquZfuekZ.k djok;k rFkk bls ns'kh lRdkjky; ¼bf.M;u xsLV gkml½ cuk;k] tgka vU; jkT;ksa ls vk;s gq, ns'kh esgeku Bgjk;s tkrs FksA

vc ;g if'pe {ks= lkaLÑfrd dsUnz ds v/khu gS tks ,d iathÑr laLFkk gS rFkk jktLFkku ds jkT;iky blds v/;{k gSaA dsUnz dk lapkyu Hkkjr ljdkj ,oa lnL; jkT;ksa dh ljdkjksa ds euksuuhr vf/kdkjh o vU; xSj ljdkjh izfrfuf/k;ksa dh dk;ZØe] foÙk o lapkyu lfefr }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA bldk /;s; jktLFkku] xqtjkr] egkjk"Vª] xksok o dsUnz 'kkflr izns'k neu] nho o nknjk uxj gosyh esa lkaLÑfrd jpukRed fodkl] izn'kZudkjh dykvksa] pk{kq"k dykvksa] lkfgfR;d dk;Z] ikjEifjd yksd o tutkfr dykvksa ds mUu;u o laj{k.k ds fy, gSA bl gsrq dsUnz us bl vkapfyd lkaLÑfrd fojklr dks can n'kZd nh?kkZvksa dh ctk; fofHkUu lkaLÑfrd laLFkkvksa dks c<+kok nsdj ns'k ds djksM+ksa yksxksa rd igq¡pk;k gSA rFkk ;= r= QSyh Hkkjr dh le`) lkaLÑfrd fojklr ls yksxksa dks ifjfpr djkus ds fy;s psruk tkx`r dj jgk gSA blds lkFk gh dsUnz fofHkUu jkT;ksa] dsUnzh; vdknfe;ksa o Lo;alsoh laLFkkvksa ds lg;ksx ls xzkeh.k Lrj] rglhy] ftyk] jkT; Lrj] vUr%{ks= o cká {ks= rFkk lEiw.kZ Hkkjr esa fofHkUu dk;ZØe ,oa lkaLÑfrd xfrfof/k;ka lapkfyr dj jgk gSA yqIr izk;% dyk o f'kYi 'kSfy;ksa ds iquthou o izys[ku dk dk;Z lgt lapkfyr gSA

ckxksj dh gosyh

ckxksj dh gosyh ds pkSd&pkSckjs] >jks[ks] xks[kM+s] ckjknjh] d{k] ldM+s Hkwy&HkwyS;k okys xqi&pqi ekxZ] esokM+h 'kku&'kkSdr vkSj lkeUrh BkB&ckV ds izrhd FksA gosyh ds pIis&pIis ij fj;klrh laLd`fr dh bckjr fy[kh xbZA le; us djoV yh vkSj mn;iqj fLFkr esokM+h okLrq f'kYi dk ;g vizfre >jks[kk &ckxksj dh gosyh ds gj d{k vkSj gj dkSus esa igys ls myV ;gka yksd&dykdkjksa dh vkoktkoh rFkk yksd laLd`fr dh vuqxwat gSA vc ;gka gkFkh dh fpaxkM+ vkSj ?kksM+s dh fgu&fgukgV ds LFkku ij ,drkjk vkSj jko.kgRFks ij Loj ygfj;ka lqukbZ iM+rh gSA jtokM+h 'kku&'kkSdr okys L=h&iq#"kksa dh txg vc yksd&dykdkjksa us ysyh gSA

fj;klr dky esa gosyh ijEijk jgh ijUrq vU; jtokM+h gosfy;ksa ls ckxksj dh gosyh dh ckr gh U;kjh gSA fj;klrksa ds jkT;ksa esa foy; ds lkFk gh oä us djoV yh vkSj lewpk ifjn`'; cny x;kA i;ZVdksa ds LoxZ mn;iqj fLFkr esokM+h okLrqf'kYi dk vuqie LFky ckxksj dh gosyh ds dkSus&dkSus ij ml dky [k.M ds jgu&lgu] [kku&iku] iwtk&ikB] 'kkS;Z] ohjRo vkSj lkaLd`frd tuthou dh bckjr fy[kh gqbZ gSA bl fj;klrh gosyh esa vc if'pe {ks= lkaLd`frd dsUnz dk eq[;ky; gS tgka pIis&pIis ij] gosyh ds yxHkx 134 LFkyksa ,oa d{kksa esa if'pe Hkkjr dh yksd laLd`fr laj{k.k] lao/kZu ,oa mUu;u ds dk;Z&dyki lapkfyr gSaA

fo'o izfl) fo'kky tyjkf'k okyh ,sfrgkfld fiNksyk >hy ds fdukjs mn;iqj ds jktegyksa ds ik'oZ esa fLFkr ;g gosyh x.kxkSj ?kkV ij fLFkr gS tgka fj;klrh dky ls x.kxkSj vkSj rht+ R;ksgkjksa dk dsUnz jgh vc ns'kh&fons'kh lSykfu;ksa dh je.k LFkyh gSA fiNksyk >hy] blesa cus [;kfr izkIr tx&fuokl tks vc rkt xzqi dk flrkjk gksVy gS vkSj tx efUnj tgka 'kgtkns [kqjZe dks vkJe fn;k Fkk i;ZVd gosyh ls bl uSlfxZd lkSUn;Z dks fugkjrs&fugkjrs izQqYy gkss tkrs gSa vkSj fnu Hkj dSejksa dh fDyd&fDyd xwatrh jgrh gSA tgka mUgsa gosyh dk iqjkru f'kYi yqHkkrk gS ogha >hy ls vkrk eUn&eUn iou muds ân; esa fljgu iSnk djrk gSA

x.kxkSj ?kkV ij foLr`r bl rhu efUtyh gosyh esa lqUnj dkWp dh uDdk'kh] [kwclwjr fp=dkjh] iPphdkjh ,oa jktizkln 'kSyh ds f'kYi lkSUn;Z ds fnXxn'kZu lSykfu;ksa ds vkd"kZ.k rks gSa fd lkFk gh bUgsa gj jkst lkaLd`frd dsUnz }kjk lapkfyr lkaLd`frd vk;kstu ^/kjksgj* ds ek/;e ls lSykuh yksd laLd`fr ds vusd vk;keksa ds lkFk :c: gksrs gSaA ftl gosyh esa igys eU=.kk;sa gksrh] ikfjokfjd jkl jax] rht&R;ksgkj] x.kxkSj ds mRlo gksrs] gkFkh dh fpaxkM+ vkSj ?kksM+ksa dh fgufgukV Fkh vc gj fnu ;gka yksdu`R; vkSj laxhr] fj;klrh jgu&lgu vkSj gosyh tuthou ij laxzgky; ftlesa laxhr ,oa f'k{kk d{k] cSBd] jlksM+k] ijs.Mk] ekthlk dk dejk] iwtk d{k] Lukukxkj] J`axkj d{k] x.kxkSj d{k] vkeksn&izeksn d{k] 'k;u d{k vkfn gSa ogha dsUnz dh vU; xfrfof/k;ksa esa dBiqryh d{k] iqLrdky;] fp= chFkh] fp=dkjksa ds fy, xzkfQd xfrfof/k;ka vck/k jgrh gSA QOokjk pkSd vkSj rqylh pkSd tks dHkh jktlh yksxksa ds euksjatu vkSj okrkZyki ds LFky Fks vc ogka fur jkst yksdxhr ,oa u`R;ksa ls 'kke ltrh gS vkSj lSykfu;ksa dks Hkkjrh; laLd`fr ds lgt n'kZu gksrs gSaA blds vfrfjä ;gka le; le; ij dk;Z'kkyk,a] laxksf"B;ka rFkk izf'k{k.k f'kfoj vk;ksftr gksrs gSaA

bl gosyh dk fuek.kZ esokM+ 'kklu ds iz/kku ea=h vejflag cM+ok us jk.kk lTtu flag ds dk;Zdky foØe laor~ ------- esa djk;kA gosyh ds f=iksfy;k }kj ds Åij egkjk.kk lTtu flag ds firk 'kfä flag us dPN egy 1878 esa fufeZr djk;kA

bl gosyh dk fuek.kZ jk.kk lTtu flag ds dk;Zdky foØe laor~ 1671 esa gqvkA vejflag cM+ok rc esokM+ 'kklu ds iz/kku ea=h FksA os blh Hkou esa jgrs FksA vejflag cM+ok fu%laUrku gksus ls mudh e`R;q ds mijkUr ;g gosyh ckxksj ds fBdkus dks nsnh xbZA gosyh esa f=iksfy;k }kj ds Åij egkjk.kk lTtu flag ds firk 'kfä flag us dPN egy 1878 esa fufeZr djk;kA dkWp dh 'kkunkj dkjhfxjh dk ;g fgLlk cgqr lqUnj vkSj [kwclwjr gSA laxejejh izklkn ds njoktksa] >jks[kksa] rkdksa esa iPphdkjh dk dke o dkWp ds csycwVs] Qwy vkSj xqynkojh dh drkjsa] if{k;ksa dh vkd`fr;ka vkfn dk eueksgd dk;Z vkt Hkh oSlh gh uk;kc >yd fy;s gq, gSA dkWp dh bl dkjhfxjh esa futZu ou esas Mksyrs gkFkh dh rLohjsa Ådsjh xbZ gSaA ckgj nksuksa >jks[kksa esa dkWp ds u;ukfHkjke eksj cus gq, gSaA blhl dkWp dh dkjhfxjh vkSj izkd`frd lkSUn;Z ds dkj.k bl gosyh dks lnk ls izflf) feyrh jghA gosyh esa jaxhu dkWp ds 'kh'kksa ds tfj, dejksa esa vkrh /kwi ,oa izdk'k dk utkjk ,d vyx gh izdkj ds vkuUn dh vuqHkwfr nsrk gSA rhoz xehZ vkSj /kwi esa Hkh dkWp ds izHkko ls >hy dk 'khry euksje n`'; eu dks Nw ysrk gSA ;gha ugha lewph >hy dk izfrfcEc bl gosyh ij iM+rk gS rks gosyh dh [kwclwjrh esa pkj pkan yx tkrs gSaA

fiNksyk dh vksj [kqys >jks[ks] mlesa ls >kadrh cjcl fuxkgsa] esgjkcnkj xqEcn vkSj esokM+h okLrqdyk ds xks[kM+ksa esa cSBs yksx] fugkjrs n`';] ;gka ij vk;ksftr gksus okys mRlo] R;ksgkj vkSj lekjksg ij ijLij dk gsy&esy vkSj lewps ijEijkxr ifjn`'; o BkB&ckV dks u;uksa esa lesVrs jtokM+h L=h&iq#"kksa dh ;g n`';koyh lgt gh lSykfu;ksa ds vka[kksa esa rSjus yxrhgSA ;gh ugha lnhZ esa xje vkSj xfeZ;ksa esa B.Ms jgus okys bu jktizklknksa esa enkZfu pkSd&pkSckjs] ?kqM+lky] gkFkhMk.k] Åij&uhps cuh frckfj;ka] uhe ds o`{k] rqylh pkSjk] esgjkcnkj LrEHk] Luku ?kj] J`xkaj&d{k] 'k;u d{k vkSj mudh fLFkfr jtokM+h dkyØe esa mudh jguh&lguh dh [kqyh iqLrd gSA gosyh dk eq[; }kj esokM+h jktizklkn ds njoktksa dh gh rtZ ij cM+s gh lqUnj <ax ls cuk gqvk gS ftldh 'kksHkk vius vki ns[krs gh curh gSA bl gosyh dh Nr ls mn;iqj ds izfl) egy lTtux<+] fiNksyk esa fLFkr tx fuokl] tx efUnj] uVuh dk pkSjk] >hy ds bZnZ&fxnZ efUnjksa dh foLr`r J`a[kyk vkSj uxj ds ,d fgLls dh clkoV lgt vka[kksa esa lek tkrh gSA 'kjn iwf.kZek ds fnu ckxksj dh gosyh dk izfrfcan ,d vyx gh vkHkk;qä yxrk gSA

ckxksj dh gosyh esa izos'k djus ds iwoZ x.kxksj ?kkV ls lVk gqvk ,d LFkku gS tks njokts ls can ^^i[kky ?kkV** gSA ;gka ls fd'rh rc e'kdksa ls ikuh Hkjrs FksA izos'k }kj ls igys eksj pkSd gSA ck;ha rjQ ckxksj fBdkus ds NksVs HkkbZ;ksa dh usrkoy gosyh gSA nk;ha vksj uhps ?kqM+lky mlds Åijh eafUty ij njh[kkuk o dkWp ds 'kh'k egy gSaA izos'k }kj ls lVk gqvk dejk equhe dkenkjksa dk gSA blds lkFk lVs dejs gSa os igys ugha Fks] vUnj dh ?kqM+lky gksrh FkhA lkeus gkFkh x<+&gkFkh<+k.k FkkA blds vklikl Qjk'k [kkuk gqvk djrk FkkA vUnj ladjs&ladjs xfy;kjs uqek jkLrs cuk, x,A ;g Hkh dgk tkrk gS fd gosyh ds vUnj gh vUnj ls jktekxZ rd dk jkLrk gqvk djrk FkkA ij bldk dksbZ izek.k ugha gSA x.ks'k M~;ks<+h esa izos'k ls igys nk;ha vksj fiNksyk >hy ij tkus dk ekxZ vkSj ?kkV gSA jktizklkn esa uko ls vkus&tkus ,oa x.kxksj dh lokjh esa vkus&tkus dk fo'ks"k dj tuuh Mksfy;ka mrjus&p<+us dk ekxZ gSA ;gh cus nks dejksa esa ls ,d x.kxksj ekrk dk gS ftlesa x.kxksj dh ewfrZ vkSj muds oL=kfn j[ks tkrs FksA ;gha ls lhf<+;ka p<+rs gh QOokjk pkSd vkrk gSA ;gha ck.kukFkth dk efUnj gS ftldh Nr ij ikuh ds gkSt cus Fks ftuesa jgV }kjk ikuh Hkjk tkrk FkkA ck.kukFkth ds efUnj ds >jks[kksa ls ikuh fxjrk Fkk tks fQj ls fiNksyk esa fey tkrk FkkA ;gka ikuh ls pkSd esa QOokjs pyrs Fks tks gosyh dks xehZ esa 'khryrk nsrs FksA ;g fgLlk tukuk pkSd dk gqvk djrk FkkA rc ;gka ck.kukFkth dh cM+s euksHkko ls iwtk vpZuk gksrh FkhA pkSd efgykvksa dh xfrfof/k;ksa dk dsUnz FkkA bls dHkh dey pkSd Hkh dgrs FksA ;gha daojink egy gSA pkSd ds Åijh eafty ij tgka bl le; xsLV gkml gS njh[kkuk gqvk djrk Fkk tgka gj efgyk ds cSBus dk LFkku fuf'pr FkkA iq#"kksa dh Hkkafr efgykvksa ds Hkh njh[kkuk gqvk djrs FksA dey pkSd ds ik'oZ esa Bkdqjth dk pkSd gS ftls vc rqylh pkSd tkuk tkrk gSA ;g pkSjl Hkou gSA blesa Åij nks efUty vkSj blds uhps ,d vkSj efUty gS tks ek.kd pkSd esa [kqyrk gSA tukuh M~;kS<+h esa Åij&uhps lkr&lkr dejs vkSj Bkdqjth ds nks dejs vyx ls gSaA bu dejksa ds uke ;gka jgus okyh lkeUrksa dh ifRu;ksa fBdkkuksa ds uke ls gksrk FkkA Åij rhljh efUty ds dejs vkokl ds Fks tks vkSj uhps ds dejs fuft lkeku gksrs FksA bl tukuk egy ds dejksa ds uke bl rjg Fks % cgw chdkusjh] ekath esM+rk.k] nknh lkl dh pkSikM+] fljksgh vkfnA efgykvksa ds uke ls ugha cfYd fBdkuksa ds uke ls dej tkus tkrs FksA tc ftl fBdkus dh efgyk,a ;gka vkrh Fkh mu dejksa ds uke cny tkrs FksA ihrkEcj ukFkth Bkdqj th ds pkSd] tukuh M~;kS<+h ds Åij daojink egy ds Åij jaxegy gSA bldh fo'ks"k fLFkfr gSA ;gha lqUnj fp=dkjh dh gqbZ gSA ;w rks iwjs egy ds izeq[k fgLlksa esa fp=dkjh gS rFkkfi izeq[k fgLlksa esa cgqr mEnk fp=dkjh gqb gSA tks vc dkQh Qhds gks x, gSa] dgha lQsnh iqr xbZ gS vkSj gosyh esa jgus okys fdjk;snkjksa bUgsa {kr&fo{kr Hkh fd;k gSA vc rks dksbZ uke ek= ds nks ,d fp= dqN Bhd&Bhd jaxegy esa cps yxrs gSaA

bl gosyh esa Hkh vkus tkus ds vusd ladM+&ladM+s jkLrs gSa vkSj NksVs&NksV njoktksa okys izos'k }kj ftudk egRo lqj{kk dh n`f"V ls gqvk djrk Fkk rkfd dksbZ vpkud ihNs ls ryoky mBk dj u ekj nsA ;gh O;oLFkk egkjk.kkvksa ds jktizklknksa esa Hkh gSA ;gh ugha izR;sd vkarfjd egy ls ckgj vkus tkus ds jkLrs vyx&vyx ,oa vusd lh<+h ekxZ gSaA

bl gosyh dh Nr ij NksVh cqtZ] cM+h cqtZ gS tgka ls fiNksyk] lTtux<+ vkSj lkeus ds jE; izkd`frd n`';koyh o x.kxksj ds n`'; ns[ks tk ldrs gSaA uhps ek.kd pkSd esa Åij tukuk egy dk gh ,d fgLlk gS tks fiNksyk >hy dh vksj gSA bls igys dksLV~;we vkSj vc dBiqryh E;wft;e cuk;k x;k gSA ;gh ugha jfuokl ds lkeU; dkedkt+] njh[kkuk ,oa egyksa vkUrfjd fgLlksa esa pyrs jgus okyh ikfjokfjd xfrfof/k;ksa dk fgLlk FkhA Nr ij ty ?kM+h gqvk djrh FkhA dikl ds fn;s tyk;s tkrs FksA ck.kukFkth ,oa ihrkEcj ukFk th ds lsokiwtk dh [kkl O;oLFkk Fkh vkSj egyksa jgsus okys L=h&iq#"k bu nksuksa gosyh efUnjksa esa lsok&iwtk djrs FksA fiNksyk dh vksj [kqyus okys njh[kkus o dey pkSd esa eqt+js gqvk djrs Fks vkSj euksjatu ds rFkk u`R;&xku&Hktu vkfn ds vk;kstu Hkh gqvk djrs FksA bl le; usrkoy gosyh dk tks fgLlk gS ml le; jlksM+s gqvk djrs FksA jlksM+s nks izdkj ds Fks] ,d czkã.kh vkSj nwljk lkfe"kA gosyh esa lkeqfgd Hkkstu iÙky&nksuksa esa vkSj jaxegyks esa pkanh ds Fkky esa ijkslk tkrk FkkA ijUrq Fkky ds uhps iÙky j[kus dh ijEijk jk.kkth ds Fkh] buds ugh gqvk djrh FkhA vf/kdrj [kku&iku] jgu&lgu egyksa ds leku gh gksrk FkkA

gosyh ds bZnZ&fxnZ ,oa fiNksyk ds ?kkVksa ij vusd efUnj gSaA dqN efUnj izkphu rks dqN le;≤ ij fufeZr gq,A lqcg&'kke ;gka ?kaVk ukan ,oa iwtk&vpZuk gksrh gSA ckxksj dh gosyh ls gh lVk gqvk ,d f=iksfy;k njoktk tks jktuxj ds lQsn laxejej ls cuk lqUnj dkWp dh uDdk'kh vkSj fp=dkjh ;qä gSA bldk fuekZ.k vejpan cM+ok us djok;kA ;gha tks x.kxksj ?kkV gS ;gka rRdkyhu jk.kkvksa dh jkT; laLd`fr ls yxk dj vkt rd ;g R;ksagkj blh ?kkV ij euk;k tkrk gSA lc dqN oSlk gh cl jktlh BkB&ckV vkSj oSlh jkSud vc ughaA lewpk mRlo orZeku lkekftd ,oa /kkfeZd ifjos'k esa gksrk gSA ;gha ls x.kxksj dh lokjh fudyrh gSA jk.kkvksa ds dky ds mRlo vkSj lokjh dh ckr gh U;kjh FkhA rc jk.kkth gkFkh ij lokj gks dj jktlh lHkklnksa o lkeUrksa ds lkFk mifLFkr gksrs FksA iwjk ?kkV xkts&ckts] lekjksg dh eueksgd ltkoV] jax&fcjaxs ifj/kku esa lth x.kxksj ,oa efgykvksa&iq#"kksa dh ekStwnxh ls okrkoj.k ljkcksj jgrk FkkA

jk.kk vkSj lkeUr lHkh lknxh Hkjh thou thrs Fks] fn[kkos vkSj ,s'kks&vkjke dh ftUnxh ls ijs FksA esokM+ lnk gh ;q) esa layXu jgk ijUrq tc 'kkfUr dky vk;k rks vo'; BkB&ckV esa fdafpr c<+ksrjh ns[kh xbZA mlh vuqikr esa lkeUrks vkSj gosyh ds lHkklnksa ds thou esa Hkh FkksM+k vUrj vo'; ns[kus dks feykA vU; lkeUrksa gh ds leku bl gosyh ds lkeUr Hkh vius jk.kk ds vku&cku&'kku vkSj e;kZnk ds fy, lnk m|Ùk jgrs FksA tc dHkh egkjk.kk gosyh esa vkrs rks lkeUr lnk gh njh[kkus esa uhps gh cSBrs FksA dqflZ;ka vkSj lksQs ugha gksrs FksA njh[kkus esa njh vksj Åij cM+k xík rFkk e[keyh pknj gksrk FkkA ihNs eksMk vkSj lkbZM esa xksy rfd, gksrs FksA jk.kkth ;gka vkdj lkeUrksa dh vksj ifjokj dh dq'ky{kse iwNrs FksA lkeUr vR;Ur lfg".kq vkSj lknxh thou thus okys gqvk djrs FksA gosyh esa izkr%dky mBrs gh cgqvksa dks lkl ds ikl iSj Nwus] ixs ykxus tkuk gksrk FkkA budh igyh lUrku dk fookg Lo;a jk.kkth djokrs FksA igyh 'kknh dk [kpZ vkSj cUnkscLr egyksa ls gksrk FkkA xgus&diM+s&yÙks egyksa ls vkrs FksA fj'rk Hkh jk.kkth dh lgefr ls gksrk FkkA 'ks"k iq=&iqf=;ksa dk fookg lkeUrksa ds vius [kpZ ls gksrk Fkk ijUrq oj fudklh egyksa ls gksrh FkhA igyh laUrku dk ukedj.k Lo;a njckj djrs FksA Jk) i{k ds vykok efgyk,a xksVk&fdukjh ds oL= igurh FkhA gosyh esa pkanh ds >wys vkSj crZu gksrs FksA Luku ?kj esa dM+s okyh dksfB;ka] xaxktyh vkSj ykSBk gksrk FkkA uk;uth Luku djkrh FkhA iq#"k xM+ck ysdj [kM+k jgrk FkkA /kk;ckbZ cky&cPpksa dks iky&iksl dj cM+k djrh FkhA gosyh ds ck.kukFkth vkSj ihrkEdcjth efUnj esa lkykuk o"kZ xkaB] cPpksa ds tUe fnol ij fo'ks"k vuq"Bku vkSj mRlo gksrs FksA gosyh esa jk.kkth dh jhfr&fjokt okyh gh ixfM+;ka ckU/kuh gksrh Fkh vkSj mlh vuqØe esa njh[kkus gksrs FksA gosyh esa Hkh jaxegy ds gh jLe&fjokt FksA gosfy;ksa ds xks[kM+ksa esa fuekZ.k rduhd Hkh ogh lekurk gksrh Fkh ijUrq fdlh Hkh gosyh esa jk.kkth ds egyksa dh cjkcjh ugha dh tkrh FkhA xks[kM+ksa ds uhps jaxhu jsts th t+ktesa fcNrh FkhA xknh&eksMks ij js'keh&e[key ds o dk fd, gq, doy yxk, tkrs FksA insZ >jefj;ksa okys gksrs FksA jaxhu dkWp okyk egy 'kh'k egy o dp egy dgykrk FkkA gosfy;ksa esa ihry ds gqDds] Nr ij jaxhu gkafM;ka] eksecÙkh j[kus dk ykyVsu dk pkSjgk] nhid&nhoM+] ltkoVh f[kykSus] gkFkh&nkar dh oLrq,a] ihatjs] i{kh] :bZ ds insZ dbZ fMtk;uksa ds gksrs FksA tukuk egy dks ^jkoyk* cksyrs FksA iyax tks pkanh ds ik;ksa dk gksrk Fkk mls ^lkaxoks* dgrs Fks vkSj ml ij fuokj jgrh FkhA fuokj ij doj jgrkA cM+k fcLrj o xyhpk fcNk jgrk FkkA iyax ij 4&6 rfd, jgrs FksA xky rfd, Hkh gksrA gkFk rfd, vyx ls jgrs FksA iyax ds Lyksi gksrs ftls ^iM+ik;k* dgrs gSaA iyax ds pknj dks otuh 'ksj ls ca/kk j[krs rkfd pknj b/kj&m/kj f[klds ughaA lkeku j[kus dh isfV;ksa dks eatw"k dgrsA bu ij lqUnj diM+k yxk jgrk FkkA ,d iks"kkd dh vksojh gksrh FkhA Hk.Mkj esa >kjsyw lkeku gksrsA xgus j[kus ds fy, pkanh ds Mcwls jgrsA 'kjkc ihus ds I;kys] pqf'fd;ka pkanh ds gksrs FksA gosfy;ksa esa gkFkh Bk.k o ?kqM+lky gksrs FksA lewph gosyh esa jkSud jgrh Fkh vkSj egyksa lh xfrfof/k;ka lapkfyr gksrh FkhA

vf/kdka'k ljnkj izkr% lw;ksZan; ds le; mBrs FksA mBdj b"Vnso ds n'kZu djrsA 'kkSp vkfn ls fufo`r gks feêh ls ckjg ckj gkFk i{kkyu djrsA pk; dk izpyu ugha FkkA Luku cktksV ij cSB dj ?kM+ ls ykSBs }kjk gksrk FkkA lkcwu dk iz;ksx ugha FkkA Luku ds var esa ?kM+s ds ikuh esa tjk xaxkty feyk;k djrs Fks vkSj vfUre Luku xaxkty ls djrs FksA Luku ds le; da/ks ij ,d oL= jgrk FkkA cM+s lkeUrksa ds ;gka djekUrjh xaxkygjh ds lLoj ikB djrs FksA 'kjhj ikSaNus ds fy, yack oL= ^Mhy iwaNf.k;ks* rksfy;k gksrk FkkA Luku ls iwoZ {kkSj deZ gksrk FkkA vLoLFkk ds nkSjku Luku ugha gksrk FkkA pUnzxzg.k vkSj lw;Zxzg.k ds i'pkr Luku vfuok;Z FkkA izk;% Luku can dejs esa gksrk Fkk ij dHkh [kqys esa HkhA Luku ds le; iqjksfgr flj vkSj /kM+ rd gkFk yxk ldrs Fks ijUrq ukbZ vkfn uhps ds vaxksa dks ikSaNrs FksA Luku ls iwoZ ekfy'k djrs vkSj oftZ'k] igyokuh Hkh djrs FksA jk.kkth ds cqykos ij igyokuh egyksa esa gksrh vU;Fkk dgha ckgj gksrhA v[kkM+s dh O;oLFkk gosfy;ksa esa izk;% ugha gksrh FkhA Luku ds mijkUr eyey dk dqrkZ] eyey dh cxyc.Mh] lQsn /kksrh] flj ij vaxksNk] xys esa #nzk{k] dh ekyk igurs FksA oL= iguus ds i'pkr lkeUr yksx iwtk esa cSBrs vkSj djekU=h fof/k fo/kku ls iwtk djkrk FkkA Lo;a lkeUr lkFk&lkFk eU=kspkj.k djrsA ekyk ti pyrk vkSj izkr% iwtk ds i'pkr dFkk 'kq# gksrhA dFkk okpu HkêesokM+k czkã.k djrs FksA bl le; lkeUrx.k lifjokj mifLFkr jgrs FksA tukuk insZ esa cSBrs FksA iwtk&ikB ds fy, lsod jgrk FkkA efUnj esa lnk Hkkx p<+rk FkkA iwtk ds mijkUr if{k;ksa dks /kku Mkyk tkrk FkA czkã.k dks frl ls Hkjk dVksjk nku gksrk FkkA

iwtk izk;% ,dfyax egknso] vius&vius b"Vnso dh gksrh vkSj lkeUrksa ds iqjksfgr fo".kq] f'ko] x.ks'k rFkk 'kfä;ksa ds n'kZu djkrsA lkeUr muij chyi= o iq"i p<+krs rFkk J)kour gksrs FksA f'kojkf= ij ,dfyaxth euksjFk eukus tkrs FksA Jko.k ekl esa lkeUr iqjksfgr ds ?kj tkrs vkSj HksaV nsrs FksA ;s egkjk.kk ds yoktek ds lax gksrs FksA uojkf= esa gosfy;ksa esa gou&iwtu ds fo'ks"k vk;kstu gksrs FksA

iyk'k ds iÙks dh ckt ^^iukoM+k** j[kuk vfuok;Z FkkA crZu pkanh ds gksrs FksA Hkkstu djus ls iwoZ Hkkstu dks nsokiZ.k dj ^^milku** ds le; djekU=h eU=kspkj.k djrkA rn~ijkUr xaxkty ls vkpeu ds mijkUr Hkkstu izkjaHk gksrkA tks ljnkj Hkkstu ugha djrs mUgsa Fkky esa ls ijlknh nh tkrh FkhA Hkkstu 'kkdkgkjh vkSj ekalkgkjh nksuksa izdkj dk gksrk FkkA nks&rh izdkj ds ekal] eksVh ?k`r ;qä] vk/kh ?kh&;qä] pqiM+h vkSj fcuk pqiM+h jksVh gksrh FkhA is;ty ds fy, vuqpj jgrk FkkA ik=ksa ij uke [kqnk jgrk FkkA Hkkstu ds mijkUr rkEcwy dk lsou fd;k tkrk FkkA

HkksT; lkexzh esa ^^lks;rk** iqyko] jksVh] pkoy&nky] puk]mM+n] ewax] rqvj dh nkys] esokM+ dh izpfyr feBkbZ;ka] yìw] tysch] Qh.kh] ?ksoj] [kktk] lhjk] ykIlh rFkk ekSleh lfCt;ka vkfn gksrh FkhA Hkkstu ds ckn vkjke vkSj fQj egyksa esa tkuk gksrk FkkA e|iku dk izpyu Fkk vkSj leUr vius oxZ ds lkeUrksa] fBdkusnkjksa ds lkFk vFkok vius tukus ds lkFk e|iku djrs FksA e| esa vklks] xqykc] nqckjk vkfn e| is; gksrs FksA ihus ds crZuksa esa nk:pq'dh] I;kyk o fxykl vkfn jgrs FksA 'kjkc ds lkFk ^^[kkjcw>.kk** [kk|ksa esa lwyk] Qklyk] fVfd;k] lekslk] fi'rk] dktw vkSj cknke vkfn ijksls tkrs FksA jkf= Hkkstu tukuk ds lkFk gh pyrk FkkA lkeUrksa dh efgyk;sa Hkh e|iku djrh FkhA HkkstuksijkUr gLr iz{kkyu ds fy, ,d ^^,d enkZfu;ka** ukbZ gkFk esa x<+ok fy, gksrk tks ^^ikys** crZu esa i{kkyu djkrk FkkA

lkeUrx.k ixM+h] vaxj[kh] pwM+hnkj iktkek] dejcUnk rFkk xys esa :eky igurs FksA R;ksgkj ds le; vej'kkgh ixM+h] Mks<+h rFkk MqIiêk igurs FksA dHkh dHkh vaxj[kh ij vpdu Hkh igurs Fksa blds vykok ekSle vkSj jktdh; mRloksa vuqlkj Hkh igukos esa vUrj FkkA ixfM+;ka dbZ izdkj dh HkhA vyx&vyx izdkj dh ixfM+;k vyx&vyx le; ij iguh tkrh FkhA vej'kkgh ixM+h c[kjek ixM+h ejtkfnd ixM+h] vjlh'kkgh ixM+h rFkk Hkhe'kkgh ixM+h gksrh FkhA lk/kkj.k ixM+h dks c[kjek ixM+h dgrs FksA ejtkfnd ixM+h mRloksa esa] vjlh'kkgh ixM+h dh [kM+h lh/kh Vksad dks eksM+dj rFkk lkeus dh vksj ds lyksa ds vis{kk caVek vksVs yxkdj iguh tkrh FkhA mejkoksa ds daojksa dks Hkhe'kkgh ixM+h cka/kuh gksrh FkhA mRlo ds le; ixM+h ij rqjkZ o Nksxk yxkuk vko';d FkkA lkeUrksa ds daoj gksdkj i{kh dh dyaxh yxkrs FksA cgqr igys ixM+h ij ckykcanh yxkbZ tkrh Fkh ijUrq dkykUrj esa iNsM+h dk fjokt+ izkjEHk gqvkA izR;sd lkeUr dks viuh dej esa ryokj rFkk xqIrh cka/kuk t#jh fkkA lQj esa cUnwd vko';d FkhA

clUr iapeh ls nhikoyh rd vej'kkgh ixM+h] rFkk ^^Mks<+h** nhikoyh ls vkxs iguh tkrh FkhA ikao esa twfr;ka iguh tkrh FkhA iwtk ds le; ,dyaxh /kksrh] vaxksNk] nq'kkyk igursA lnhZ esa nq'kky ds vfrfjä ixM+h Hkh iguh tkrh FkhA

efgykvksa dh iks"kkd esa eq[; :i ls xksVk&fdukjh dh dkapyh] ?kk?kjk vkSj vks<+uh iguh tkrh FkhA lkfM+;ksa esa dkyk ysgffj;k] ysgfj;k pwanM+h] Qkxf.k;k] jktk'kkgh ysgfj;k izpfyr FksA

izlk/ku esa Luku gsrq mcVu rFkk b= dk iz;ksx FkkA efgyk,a niZ.k] daxk] [kq'kcwnkj rsy] b= ghuk] yosaMj o xqykc vkfn iz;ksx esa ysrh FkhA dsoM+k lsoa=h] [k] eksxjk vkSj eksrh ds b= izpfyr FksA

ckxksj ds lkeUrksa dh fu;qfä esokM+ jktra= dh dqyh; vk/kkj ij Fkh tks esokM+ ds izeq[k egkjk.kk }kjk vius 'kklu ra= dks fuckZ/k pykus ds fy, lxks=h cka/ko lEcU/kh o dqy ds yksxksa ls lgk;rk izkIr djrs FksA vU; lkeUrksa dh rjg ckxksj ds lkeUr tkxhjnkj ds lkFk lkFk 'kklu ra= ds vga Hkwfedk dk fuokZg djus okys FksA ckxksj dh gosyh ds vusd lkeUrksa dk cpiu muds fBdkuksa esa gh chrrk vkSj ogha mUgsa f'k{kk&nh{kk rFkk 'kL= fo|k fl[kkbZ tkrh Fkh ftlesa ?kqM+lokjh] rhj pykuk] ryokj ,oa cUnwd pykuk lfEefyr FksA

uojkf= ij bl gosyh esa ukS fnu ekrkth dk iwtu gksrk FkkA

gosyh esa jgus okyh efgyk;sa ygaxk] dkapyh] vksjuk vkfn igurh Fkh ijUrq R;ksgkjksa ij fo'ks"k oL= igus tkrs FksA MkofM+;ksa vkSj BqdjkbZu ds diM+ksa esa dsoy xq.koÙkk dk vUrj gksrk Fkk vU;Fkk oL= leku gksrs FksA gosyh dh Bqdjkbus vius lkefUr;ksa dh gosfy;ksa esa esytksy vkSj R;ksgkj ij ikydh esa cSB dj tkrh FkhA gosyh dh efgyk;s jkuh lkfgck ds lkFk R;ksgkj eukrh Fkh vkSj muds egy esa muds fy; LFkku Hkh fuf'pr jgrk FkkA efgykvksa dh os'kHkw"kk jax dks NksM+dj leku gksrh Fkh ijUrq cM+h jkuh ds oL= xq.koÙkk esa mPprk fy;s gksrs FksA R;ksgkjksa ij diM+ks ds izdkj fuf'pr FksA gfj;kyh vekoL;k ij gjk] Qkx.k ij Qkxq.kh vkSj clUr iapeh ij ihfy;k vkfn iguk tkrk FkkA

fiNksyk ds fdukjs igkM+h ds uhpys Nksj ij lh<+huqek 'kSyh esa fufeZr bl gosyh dk lkSUn;Z dkWp dh uDdk'kh] [kwclwjr fp=dkjh] iPphdkjh ,oa jktizklkn 'kSyh ds f'kYi lkSUn;Z dh ;gka xgjh Nki gSA

bl izkphu goyh esa dejs] >jks[ks] ckjknjh] oj.Ms] pkSd] xks[kM+s] HkwyHkqyS;k tSls vkMs&Vs<s+ ekxZ gS tks la[;k esa 134 gSaA esokM+h jkt'kkgh ls x.kxkSj dk ioZ euk, tkus okys vkSj vc vke yksxksa }kjk euk;s tkus okys ioZ ds LFky x.kxkSj ?kkV dh Nfo gh fujkyh gSA ckxksj gosyh ls fiNksyk dh fo'kky tyjkf'k dk fnXxn'kZu gksrk gS vkSj >hy esa fLFkr fo'ofo[;kr tyegy txfuokl vc rkt xqzi dk fo'o fo[;kr flrkjk gkWVy gS tgka lSykfu;ksa dk lSykc meM+rk gSA blds vfrfjä >hy dk txefUnj 'kgtkns [kqjZe ds vkJ; dh ;kn dks rjksrktk djrk gSA ik'oZ esa jk.kkvksa ds jktizlkn] ntZuksa nsoky; ,oa rRdkyhu mejkoksa o lkekUrksa dh gosfy;ka vc lSykfu;ksa ds fy, fo'ks"k vkd"kZ.k dsUnz gSaA mn;iqj i;ZVdksa dk LoxZ gS QyLo#i ns'kh&fons'kh i;ZVdksa dk ;gka >e?kV yxk jgrk gSA bl vosyh dk iqjkru f'kYi yqHkkrk gS vkSj >hy ls vkrk eUn&eUn iou gj vkxUrqd ds eu esa fljgu iSnk djrk gSA blds vfrfjä ;gka fLFkr esokM+h jLeks&fjokt vkSj jgu lgu rFkk gosyh laLd`fr dk fnXxn'kZu djkrk csgrjhu laxzkgy;] izfrfnu lka; ;gka /kjksgj dk;ZØe ds rgr vk;ksftr fd;s tkus okys jktLFkkuh yksdu`R; vkSj vk;kstu] dyk chFkh] xzkfQd LVwfM;ksa] ixM+h laxzkgy;] dBiqryh lalkj] QOokjk pkSd] rqylh pkSd] uDdk'kh vkSj iPphdkjh ds vn~Hkqr e;wjksa ds uewus vkSj f'kYi] le; le; ij pyrh dk;Z'kkyk,a] cky dykdkjksa ds fy, izf'k{k.k f'kfoj] cky iqLrdky; vkSj dyk laLd`fr fo"k;d izn'kZfu;ka o dk;ZØe i;ZVdksa ds fy, vkd"kZ.k ds dsUnz gSaA

ckxksj dh gosyh esokM+ fj;klr ds xkSjo'kkyh bfrgkl mldh laLd`fr ,oa rRdkyhu okLrqf'kYi dk ,d lqugjk iUuk gSA esokM+h laLd`fr dk ,d izfrfcEc gS ,oa rRdkyhu okLrqf'kYi dk vizfre Hkjks[kk gSA fo'o fo[;kr >hy fiNksyk ds fdukjs igkM+h ds uhpys Nksj ij lh<+huqek 'kSyh esa fufeZr bl gosyh dk lkSUn;Z ns[krs curk gSA cM+s {ks= esa foLr`r bl rhu efUtyh gosyh esa lqUnj dkWp dh uDdk'kh] [kwclwjr fp=dkjh] iPphdkjh ,oa jktizklkn 'kSyh ds f'kYi lkSUn;Z ds ;gka fnXxn'kZu gksrs gSaA

;g gosyh esokM+ ds iz/kku luk<+~; ckã.k tkfr; Bkdqj vejpUn cM+ok }kjk fufeZr djokbZ xbZ rFkk e`R;q I;ZUr mudk fukl LFkfy jghA vejpan egkjk.kk izrkiflag f}rh; 1751&1754] egkjk.kk jktflag&1754&1761bZ-] egkjk.kk vfjflalg 1761&1773 bZ-] rFkk egkjk.kk gehjflag 1773&1778 bZ- ds dky esa esokM+ ds iz/kku FksA

esokM+ ds ikjEifjd mÙkjkf/kdkj fu;e ds vuqlkj egkjk.kk dh fu%laUrku e`R;q gksus ij muds NksVs HkkbZ dh xíhu'khuh dh tkrh FkhA rn~uqlkj ckxksj ds egkjkt ukFkflag ,oa mlds oa'ktksa dk esokM+ dh xíh ds vf/kdkjh ds :i esa 19oha 'krkCnh ds vUr rd egRo cuk jgkA egkjk.kk tokuflag ¼1828&1838½ dh fu%larku e`R;q ds i'pkr esokM+ dh xíh ij egkjk.kk ljnkjflag ¼1838&1842½] egkjk.kk Lo:iflag ¼1842&1861½] egkjk.kk 'kaHkwflag ¼1861&1874½ rFkk egkjk.kk lTtuflag ¼1874&1884½ ckxksj fBdkus ls xksn fy;s x;sA egkjk.kk ukFkflag us esokM+ dh xíh ij fcBkus ds fy;s egkjk.kk vfjflag ¼1761&1773½ ij ncko Mkyk] lqyg gksus ij egkjk.kk us ckxksj egkjkt dks nsckjh ds }kj rd egkjk.kk ds yoktesa esa jkT;fpUg j[kus dh vuqefr nh rfkk Hkfo"; esa ckxksj fBdkus dk iêk de u djus dk opu fn;k] ftllds vuqlkj ckxksj fBdkus ds vfUe ljnkj 'kfäflag ds thou dky rd ckxksj dh tkxhj de u gqbZA 1764 bZ- esa egkjktk ukFkflag dh ckxksj esa e`R;a ds ckn mlds mÙkjkf/kdkjh Øe'k% egkjktk Hkheflag] egkjktk f'knkuflag] egkjktk 'ksjflag] egkjktk 'kaHkwflag] egkjktk leFkZflag] egkjktk lksguflag rFkk egkjktk 'kfäflag ckxksj dh gosyh ls lEc) jgsA

ckxksj egkjktk f'knkuflag rFkk duZy MkWM vfHkUu fe= FksA nksuksa ,d nwljs ds izfr Lusg ,oa HkkbZpkjk j[krs FksA duZy VkWM ds vuqlkj f'konkuflag dk lkfgR;] bfrgkl] laxh&u`R; ds izfr vuqjkx FkfkA laxh 'kkL= ds vUxZr Loj ,oa ok| ds flf)kUrksa dh mUgsa vPNh tkudkjh FkhA Loj laxhr dh jkxksa ds Hksn rFkk izrf;;sd jkx dh Ng jkxffu;ksa dh O;k[;k og cM+h ffuiq.krk ls djrk FkfkA esokM+ da vPN xkus okys L=h&iq#"k mlds vkJ; esa jgrs Fks ftUgsa f'konkuflag dHkh&dHkh duZy VkWM dks lquokrs FksA bu dykdkjksa esa ,d eq[; xkus okyh L=h dk Loj Å¡pk Fkk] tks clar jkx o es?kjkx cM+h [kwch ds lkFk xkrh FkhA mTtSu dh ,d xkf;dk mldh izeq[k izfr}Unh FkhA bl izdkj dh laxh xks"Bh dk vk;kstu izk;% xzh"e _rq dh pkanuh esa jkr esa fcNs gq, xyhpksa ij gksrk] tc nksigj dh izp.M /kwi ds rius ls 'kjhj dks fiNksyk >hy ls Vdjkrh gok;sa jkgr iznku djrh rFkk J`xkaj jl o ohj jl ls ;qä laxhr Jksrkvksa dks mUer dj nsrkA

egkjk.kk 'kaHkwflag dh gR;k ds "kM+;U= ds vkjksi esa egkjktk lksguflag dks mn;iqj 'kgj NksM+ dj pys tkus dk vkns'k gqvkA rn~uqlkj lksguflag vkgM+ xkze fLFkr ckxksj fBdkus ds dq'kyckx esa tkdj jgus yxsA egkjk.kk 'kaHkwflag dh e`r;q ds ckn 'kfäflag ¼lksguflag dk cM+k HkkbZ½ ds iq= lTtuflag dk esokM+ dh xíh ij jkT;kjksg.k gqvkA ml le; lksguflag us esokM+ dh xíh ij viuk vf/kdkj crkrs gq, egkjk.kk us mls rqjUr ckxksj pys tkus dk vkns'k fn;k rfkk esokM+ Hkhy dksj dh lsuk Hkstdj mls ckxksj ls cukjl Hkst fn;kA blds lkFk gh lksguflag ls ckxksj dk LokfeRo Hkh ffnfu x;kA egkjk.kk lTtuflag ds firk 'kfäflag bl le; HkfV;kuh pkSgêk fLFkr csekyh gosyh esa jgrs FksA mUgsa 65 #- okf"kZd HkÙks ds lkFk ckxksj dh gosyh esa jgus dh vuqefr izkIr gqbZA lksguflag }kjk fudV Hkfo"; esa ckxksj rFkk esokM+ dh xíh ij nkok u djus dk vuqca/k fy[ks tkus ij mls mn;iqj cqyk;k x;k rFkk 'kgj ds ckgj rSfy;ksa dh ljk; ¼orZeku Hkwiky ukscYl dkWyst½ esa jgus fn;kA egkjktk 'kfäflag us ckxksj dh gosyh esa fuokl ds nkSjk f=iksy;k ij u;s egy dk fuekZ.k djok;k ftldk 1878 bZ- esa fof/kor~ eqgqrZ gqvkA 1880 esa egkjk.kk lTtuflag ckxksj dh gosyh x;ks vkSj ljnkjksa dh mifLFkr esa vius firk 'kfäflag dks ckxksj dk iêk iznku dj mUgsa ckxksj dk Lokeh ?kksf"kr fd;k x;kA egkjkt 'kfäflag ds nwljk iq= u gksus dh fLFkfr esa mudh e`R;q ds ckn egkjk.kk Qrgflag ¼1884&1930 bZ-½ ds dky esa ckxksj gosyh rFkk ckxksj fBdkuk esokM+ jkT; ds v/khu [kkylk dj fy;s x;sA rRi'pkr egkjk.kk Hkwikyflag us ¼1930&1955½ esa bl gosyh th.kksZ}kj djok dj bls jkT; dk rhljh Js.kh dk ns'kh lRdkjky; ¼bf.M;u xsLV gkml½ cuk;k] tgka vU; jkT;ksa ls vk;s gq, ns'kh esgeku Bgjk;s tkrs FksA esokM+ ds izfl) [;kr ,oa oa'kkofy;ksa d sys[kd cM+ok nsonku ds oa'kt gfjjke ,oa jkenku 1930 bZ- esa egkjk.kk dks viuh iksFkh lqukus vk;s ftUgsa ckxksj gosyh ds lRdkjky; esa Bgjk;k x;kA ml volj ij egkjk.kk us vUgsa gkFkh] ?kksM+ksa] eksfr;ksa dh ekyk] Lo.k vkHkw"k.k] fljksiko ,oa 500 #i;s nku esa nsdj gkFk ij fcBk dj ckxksj gosyh rd fonk f;kA

bl gosyh dk fuek.kZ jk.kk lTtu flag ds dk;Zdky foØe laor~ 1671 esa gqvkA vejflag cM+ok rc esokM+ 'kklu ds iz/kku ea=h FksA os blh Hkou esa jgrs FksA vejflag cM+ok fu%laUrku gksus ls mudh e`R;q ds mijkUr ;g gosyh ckxksj ds fBdkus dks nsnh xbZA gosyhh esa f=iksfy;k }kj ds Åij egkjk.kk lTtu flag ds firk 'kfä flag us dPN egy 1878 esa fufeZr djk;kA dkWp dh 'kkunkj dkjhfxjh dk ;g fgLlk cgqr lqUnj vkSj [wclwjr gSA laxejejh izklkn ds njoktksa] >jks[kksa] rkdksa esa iPphdkjh dk dke o dkWp ds csycwVs] Qwy vkSj xqynkojh dh drkjsa] if{k;ksa dh vkd`fr;ka vkfn dk eueksgd dk;Z vkt Hkh oSlh gh uk;kc >yd fy;s gq, gSA dkWp dh bl dkjhfxjh esa futZu ou esas Mksyrs gkFkh dh rLohjsa Ådsjh xbZ gSaA ckgj nksuksa >jks[kksa esa dkWp ds u;ukfHkjke eksj cus gq, gSaA blhl dkWp dh dkjhfxjh vkSj izkd`frd lkSUn;Z ds dkj.k bl gosyh dks lnk ls izflf) feyrh jgh gsA gosyh esa jaxhu dkWp ds 'kh'kksa ds tfj, dejksa esa vkrh /kwi ,oa izdk'k dk utkjk ,d vyx gh izdkj ds vkuUn dh vuqHkwfr nsrk gSA rhoz xehZ vkSj /kwi esa Hkh dkWp ds izHkko ls >hy dk 'khry euksje n`'; eu dks Nw ysrk gSA ;gha ugha lewph >hy dk izfrfcEc bl gosyh ij iM+rk gS rks gosyh dh [kwclwjrh esa pkj pkan yx tkrs gSaA

fiNksyk dh vksj [kqys >jks[ks] mlesa ls >kadrh cjcl fuxkgsa] esgjkcnkj xqEcn vkSj esokM+h okLrqdyk ds xks[kM+ksa esa cSBs yksx] fugkjrs n`';] ;gka ij vk;ksftr gksus okys mRlo] R;ksgkj vkSj lekjksg ij ijLij dk gsy&esy vkSj lewps ijEijkxr ifjn`'; o BkB&ckV dks u;uksa esa lesVrs jtokM+h L=h&iq#"kksa dh ;g n`';koyh lgt gh vka[kksa ds lkeus mrj tkrh gSA ;gh ugha lnhZ esa xje vkSj xfeZ;ksa esa B.Ms jgus okys bu jktizklknksa esa enkZfu pkSd&pkSckjs] ?kqM+lky] gkFkhMk.k] Åij&uhps cuh frckfj;ka] uhe ds o`{k] rqylh pkSjk] esgjkcnkj LrEHk] Luku ?kj] J`xkaj&d{k] 'k;u d{k vkSj mudh fLFkfr mld dkyØe esa mudh jguh&lguh dh [kqyh iqLrd gSA gosyh dk eq[; }kj esokM+h jktizklkn ds njoktksa dh gh rtZ ij cM+s gh lqUnj <ax ls cuk gqvk gS ftldh 'kksHkk vius vki ns[krs gh curh gSA bl gosyh dh Nr ls mn;iqj ds izfl) egy lTtux<+] fiNksyk esa fLFkr tx fuokl] tx efUnj] uVuh dk pkSjk] >hy ds bZnZ&fxnZ efUnjksa dh foLr`r J`a[kyk vkSj uxj ds ,d fgLls dh clkoV lgt vka[kksa esa lek tkrh gSA 'kjn iwf.kZek ds fnu ckxksj dh gosyh dk izfrfcan ,d vyx gh vkHkk;qä yxrk gSA

ckxksj dh gosyh esa izos'k djus ds iwoZ x.kxksj ?kkV ls lVk gqvk ,d LFkku gS tks njokts ls can ^^i[kky ?kkV** gSA ;gka ls fd'rh rc e'kdksa ls ikuh Hkjrs FksA izos'k }kj ls igys eksj pkSd gSA ck;ha rjQ ckxksj fBdkus ds NksVs HkkbZ;ksa dh usrkoy gosyh gSA nk;hha vksj uhps ?kqM+lky mlds Åijh eafUty ij njh[kkuk o dkWp ds 'kh'k egy gSaA izos'k }kj ls lVk gqvk dejk equhe dkenkjksa dk gSA blds lkFk lVs dejs gSa os igys ugha Fks] vUnj dh ?kqM+lky gksrh FkhA lkeus gkFkh x<+&gkFkh<+k.k FkkA blds vklikl Qjk'k [kkuk gqvk djrk FkkA vUnj ladjs&ladjs xfy;kjs uqek jkLrs cuk, x,A ;g Hkh dgk tkrk gS fd gosyh ds vUnj gh vUnj ls jktekxZ rd dk jkLrk gqvk djrk FkkA ij bldk dksbZ izek.k ugha gSA x.ks'k M~;ks<+h esa izos'k ls igys nk;ha vksj fiNksyk >hy ij tkus dk ekxZ vkSj ?kkV gSA jktizklkn esa uko ls vkus&tkus ,oa x.kxksj dh lokjh esa vkus&tkus dk fo'ks"k dj tuuh Mksfy;ka mrjus&p<+us dk ekxZ gSA ;gh cus nks dejksa esa ls ,d x.kxksj ekrk dk gS ftlesa x.kxksj dh ewfrZ vkSj muds oL=kfn j[ks tkrs FksA ;gha ls lhf<+;ka p<+rs gh QOokjk pkSd vkrk gSA ;gha ck.kukFkth dk efUnj gS ftldh Nr ij ikuh ds gkSt cus Fks ftuesa jgV }kjk ikuh Hkjk tkrk FkkA ck.kukFkth ds efUnj ds >jks[kksa ls ikuh fxjrk Fkk tks fQj ls fiNksyk esa fey tkrk FkkA ;gka ikuh ls pkSd esa QOokjs pyrs Fks tks gosyh dks xehZ esa 'khryrk nsrs FksA ;g fgLlk tukuk pkSd dk gqvk djrk FkkA rc ;gka ck.kukFkth dh cM+s euksHkko ls iwtk vpZuk gksrh FkhA pkSd efgykvksa dh xfrfof/k;ksa dk dsUnz FkkA bls dHkh dey pkSd Hkh dgrs FksA ;gha daojink egy gSA pkSd ds Åijh eafty ij tgka bl le; xsLV gkml gS njh[kkuk gqvk djrk Fkk tgka gj efgyk ds cSBus dk LFkku fuf'pr FkkA iq#"kksa dh Hkkafr efgykvksa ds Hkh njh[kkuk gqvk djrs FksA dey pkSd ds ik'oZ esa Bkdqjth dk pkSd gS ftls vc rqylh pkSd tkuk tkrk gSA ;g pkSjl Hkou gSA blesa Åij nks efUty vkSj blds uhps ,d vkSj efUty gS tks ek.kd pkSd esa [kqyrk gSA tukuh M~;kS<+h esa Åij&uhps lkr&lkr dejs vkSj Bkdqjth ds nks dejs vyx ls gSaA bu dejksa ds uke ;gka jgus okyh lkeUrksa dh ifRu;ksa fBkuksa ds uke ls gksrk FkkA Åij rhlh efUty ds dejs vkokls ds Fks tks vkSj uhps ds dejs fuft lkekus gksrs FksA bl tukuk egy ds dejksa ds uke bl rjg Fks % cgw chdkusjh] ekath esM+rk.k] nknh lkl dh pkSikM+] fljksgh vkfnA efgykvksa ds uke ls ugha cfYd fBdkuksa ds uke ls dej tkus tkrs FksA tc ftl fBdkus dh efgyk,a ;gka vkrh Fkh mu dejksa ds uke cny tkrs FksA ihrkEcj ukFkth Bkdqj th ds pkSd] tukuh M~;kS<+h ds Åij daojink egy ds Åij jaxegy gSA bldh fo'ks"k fLFkfr gSA ;gha lqUnj fp=dkjh dh gqbZ gSA ;w rks iwjs egy ds izeq[k fgLlksa esa fp=dkjh gS rFkkfi izeq[k fgLlksa esa cgqr mEnk fp=dkjh gqb gSA tks vc dkQh Qhds gks x, gSa] dgha lQsnh iqr xbZ gS vkSj gosyh esa jgus okys fdjk;snkjksa bUgsa {kr&fo{kr Hkh fd;k gSA vc rks dksbZ uke ek= ds nks ,d fp= dqN Bhd&Bhd jaxegy esa cps yxrs gSaA

bl gosyh dh Nr ij NksVh cqtZ] cM+h cqtZ gS tgka ls fiNksyk] lTtux<+ vkSj lkeus ds jE; izkd`frd n`';koyh o x.kxksj ds n`'; ns[ks tk ldrs gSaA uhps ek.kd pkS esa Åij tukuk egy dk gh ,d fgLlk gS tks fiNksyk >hy dh vksj gSA bls igys dksLV~;we vkSj vc dBiqryh E;wft;e cuk;k x;k gSA ;gh ugha jfuokl ds lkkeU;; dkedkt+] njh[kkuk ,oa egyksa vkUrfjd fgLlksa esa pyrs jgus okyh ikfjokfjd xfrfof/k;ksa dk fgLlk FkhA Nr ij ty ?kM+h gqvk djrh FkhA dikl ds fn;s tyk;s tkrs FksA ck.kukFkth ,oa ihrkEcj ukFk th ds lsokiwtk dh [kkl O;oLFkk Fkh vkSj egyksa jgsus okys L=h&iq#"k bu nksuksa gosyh efUnjksa esa lsok&iwtk djrs FksA fiNksyk dh vksj [kqyus okys njh[kkus o dey pkSd esa eqt+js gqvk djrs Fks vkSj euksjatu ds rFkk u`R;&xku&Hktu vkfn ds vk;kstu Hkh gqvk djrs FksA bl le; usrkoy gosyh dk tks fgLlk gS ml le; jlksM+s gqvk djrs FksA jlksM+s nks izdkj ds Fks] ,d czkã.kh vkSj nwljk lkfe"kA gosyh esa lkeqfgd Hkkstu iÙky&nksuksa esa vkSj jaxegyks esa pkanh ds Fkky esa ijkslk tkrk FkkA ijUrq Fkky ds uhps iÙky j[kus dh ijEijk jk.kkth ds Fkh] buds ugh gqvk djrh FkhA vf/kdrj [kku&iku] jgu&lgu egyksa ds leku gh gksrk FkkA

bl gosyh dk ;g fooj.k xf<+;k nsojk ds ckyd`".kth ls gkfly gqvk tks dHkh gosyh ds vfUre lkeUrks ds ikl dke djrs FksA

ckxksj HkhyokM+k ftys ds ek.My ds fudV ,d xkao gS ftldk esokM+ ds bfrgkl esa cM+k egRo gSA esokM+ ds 'kklu ij tc dksbZ egkjk.kk fu%larku fnoax gks tkrs rks ckxksj fBdkus ds jktdqekj esokM+ dh xíh ds gd+nkj FksA esokM+ egkjk.kk ds HkkbZ;ksa ds rhu fBdkus FksA igyk ckxks] nwljk f'kjrh ,oa rhljk djtkyhA ckxksj lcls cM+s HkkbZ dk fBdkuk gksus ls jkT;xíh ij ;gha ls jktdqekj tkrs FksA ;g fBdkuk Hkh tc lUrku foghu gks x;k rks f'kojrh vkSj djtkyh fBdkuksa dks gd izkIr gqvkA bl izdkj ckxksj fBdkus dk cM+k egRo jgk vkSj ;g gosyh fBdkus ds uke ls gh tkuh tkrh gSA bl gosyh esa fuokl djus okys lkeUr esokM+ egkjk.kkvksa ds leku gh jgrs vkSj muds leku gh jgu&lgu rFkk [kkuiku FkkA ;g gosyh esokM+h 'kklu O;oLFkk dk ,d cM+k fgLlk FkhA egkjk.kk lTtuflag dk vius dkdk 'kfäflag ij jkT; gM+ius dk lUnsg gqvk rks mUgsa fgjklr esa Mky fn;k tgka 'kfäflag dh e`R;q gksxbZaA muds dksbZ lUrku ugha Fkh vkSj ckxksj dh gosyh [kkylk djnh xbZA rn!ijkUr vktknh ds mijkUr ;g jkT; ljdkj ds v/khu vkbZA 1986 esa bls if'pe {ks= lkaLd`frd dsUnz dks lkSik x;kA gosyh esa ejEer ,oa lq/kkj djok dj bls fujUrj mi;ksx yk;d cuk;k x;kA 'kuS% 'kuS% blesa yxkrkj t#jr ds vuqlkj lq/kkj gks jgk gS vkSj ;g gosyh i;ZVdksa ds fy, [kksy nh xbZ gS vkSj ifjlj ds ,d cM+s fgLls esa esokM+h BkB&ckV] jgu&lgu ,oa xfrfof/k;ksa dk izfrfuf/kRo djrk laxzgky; cuk fn;k x;k gSA ck.kukFk pkSd esa izfrfnu ^^/kjksgj** uke ls jktLFkkuh dyk vkSj laLd`fr ls vkiwfjr lkaLd`frd xhr ,oa u`R; la/;k vk;ksftr gksrh gSA

gosyh ds bZnZ&fxnZ ,oa fiNksyk ds ?kkVksa ij vusd efUnj gSaA dqN efUnj izkphu rks dqN le;≤ ij fufeZr gq,A lqcg&'kke ;gka ?kaVk ukan ,oa iwtk&vpZuk gksrh gSA ckxksj dh gosyh ls gh lVk gqvk ,d f=iksfy;k njoktk tks jktuxj ds lQsn laxejej ls cuk lqUnj dkWp dh uDdk'kh vkSj fp=dkjh ;qä gSA bldk fuekZ.k vejpan cM+ok us djok;kA ;gha tks x.kxksj ?kkV gS ;gka rRdkyhu jk.kkvksa dh jkT; laLd`fr ls yxk dj vkt rd ;g R;ksagkj blh ?kkV ij euk;k tkrk gSA lc dqN oSlk gh cl jktlh BkB&ckV vkSj oSlh jkSud vc ughaA lewpk mRlo orZeku lkekftd ,oa /kkfeZd ifjos'k esa gksrk gSA ;gha ls x.kxksj dh lokjh fudyrh gSA jk.kkvksa ds dky ds mRlo vkSj lokjh dh ckr gh U;kjh FkhA rc jk.kkth gkFkh ij lokj gks dj jktlh lHkklnksa o lkeUrksa ds lkFk mifLFkr gksrs FksA iwjk ?kkV xkts&ckts] lekjksg dh eueksgd ltkoV] jax&fcjaxs ifj/kku esa lth x.kxksj ,oa efgykvksa&iq#"kksa dh ekStwnxh ls okrkoj.k ljkcksj jgrk FkkA

HkksT; lkexzh esa ^^lks;rk** iqyko] jksVh] pkoy&nky] puk]mM+n] ewax] rqvj dh nkys] esokM+ dh izpfyr feBkbZ;ka] yìw] tysch] Qh.kh] ?ksoj] [kktk] lhjk] ykIlh rFkk ekSleh lfCt;ka vkfn gksrh FkhA Hkkstu ds ckn vkjke vkSj fQj egyksa esa tkuk gksrk FkkA e|iku dk izpyu Fkk vkSj leUr vius oxZ ds lkeUrksa] fBdkusnkjksa ds lkFk vFkok vius tukus ds lkFk e|iku djrs FksA e| esa vklks] xqykc] nqckjk vkfn e| is; gksrs FksA ihus ds crZuksa esa nk:pq'dh] I;kyk o fxykl vkfn jgrs FksA 'kjkc ds lkFk ^^[kkjcw>.kk** [kk|ksa esa lwyk] Qklyk] fVfd;k] lekslk] fi'rk] dktw vkSj cknke vkfn ijksls tkrs FksA jkf= Hkkstu tukuk ds lkFk gh pyrk FkkA lkeUrksa dh efgyk;sa Hkh e|iku djrh FkhA HkkstuksijkUr gLr iz{kkyu ds fy, ,d ^^,d enkZfu;ka** ukbZ gkFk esa x<+ok fy, gksrk tks ^^ikys** crZu esa i{kkyu djkrk FkkA

lkeUrx.k ixM+h] vaxj[kh] pwM+hnkj iktkek] dejcUnk rFkk xys esa :eky igurs FksA R;ksgkj ds le; vej'kkgh ixM+h] Mks<+h rFkk MqIiêk igurs FksA dHkh dHkh vaxj[kh ij vpdu Hkh igurs Fksa blds vykok ekSle vkSj jktdh; mRloksa vuqlkj Hkh igukos esa vUrj FkkA ixfM+;ka dbZ izdkj dh HkhA vyx&vyx izdkj dh ixfM+;k vyx&vyx le; ij iguh tkrh FkhA vej'kkgh ixM+h c[kjek ixM+h ejtkfnd ixM+h] vjlh'kkgh ixM+h rFkk Hkhe'kkgh ixM+h gksrh FkhA lk/kkj.k ixM+h dks c[kjek ixM+h dgrs FksA ejtkfnd ixM+h mRloksa esa] vjlh'kkgh ixM+h dh [kM+h lh/kh Vksad dks eksM+dj rFkk lkeus dh vksj ds lyksa ds vis{kk caVek vksVs yxkdj iguh tkrh FkhA mejkoksa ds daojksa dks Hkhe'kkgh ixM+h cka/kuh gksrh FkhA mRlo ds le; ixM+h ij rqjkZ o Nksxk yxkuk vko';d FkkA lkeUrksa ds daoj gksdkj i{kh dh dyaxh yxkrs FksA cgqr igys ixM+h ij ckykcanh yxkbZ tkrh Fkh ijUrq dkykUrj esa iNsM+h dk fjokt+ izkjEHk gqvkA izR;sd lkeUr dks viuh dej esa ryokj rFkk xqIrh cka/kuk t#jh fkkA lQj esa cUnwd vko';d FkhA

efgykvksa dh iks"kkd esa eq[; :i ls xksVk&fdukjh dh dkapyh] ?kk?kjk vkSj vks<+uh iguh tkrh FkhA lkfM+;ksa esa dkyk ysgffj;k] ysgfj;k pwanM+h] Qkxf.k;k] jktk'kkgh ysgfj;k izpfyr FksA

izlk/ku esa Luku gsrq mcVu rFkk b= dk iz;ksx FkkA efgyk,a niZ.k] daxk] [kq'kcwnkj rsy] b= ghuk] yosaMj o xqykc vkfn iz;ksx esa ysrh FkhA dsoM+k lsoa=h] [k] eksxjk vkSj eksrh ds b= izpfyr FksA

uojkf= ij bl gosyh esa ukS fnu ekrkth dk iwtu gksrk FkkA

iks"kkd] oL= ,oa vkHkw"k.k %

1- js'keh tjh ds oL= 2- tjh&cwVksa ds dk;Z dh 3- oL=ksa esa iNsoM+h

4- nxkyh 5- nksf/k;k 6- Mks<+h

7- nksoM+ 8- dkuksa 9- tkek

10 ckxk 11- tXxk 12- xwnM+h

13- [ksl 14- 'kky 15- ikeM+h

16- nksoM+rk 17- pk[kkM+rk 18- vej'kkgh ixM+h

19- vjlh'kkgh ixM+h 20- mn;'kkgh ixM+h 21- c[kjek ixM+h

22- pw.Mkor'kkgh ixM+h&lywEcj 23- tloUr'kkghixM+h nsox<+ 24- ekaMi'kkgh ixM+h&dkuksM+

25- jkBkSM+h ixM+h cnuksj 26- eku'kkgh ixM+h&HkSaljksM+x< +27- gehj'kkgh ixM+h cusM+k

28- ygfj;k ixM+h&rht 29- e>t NikbZ dh lyek flrkjs dh ixM+h&n'kgjk

30- ihyh&lQsn ixM+h gksyh 31- dslfj;k&clUr iapeh 32- gjh dlqey&o"kkZ _rq

33- dqlqech & lfnZ;ksa esa 34- dslfj;k xfeZ;ksa esa 35- fljksiko ij cka/kus ds

36- lqugjs #igjs rqjsZ 37- ljisp 39- ckykcanh

40- MqxMqxh 41- xkslisp 42- yVdu

43- QÙkgisp 44- Nksxk 45- dyaxh

46- vkeyh] 47- Nkonkj ¼ixM+h cka/kus okyk½]

48- :eky&xys esa 49- pwM+hnkj ik;tkek] 50- /kksrh]

51- nqIiêk] 52- e[keyh twfr;ka] 53- dslfj;k ckuk]

54- cxrjh 55- cxyc.Mh 56- vks<.kh ¼phj] pksjlks] pwanM+h] pksG] nqdqy½ 57- lkM+h] ygaxk 58- ?kk?kjk 59- dkapyh 60- dqrhZ 61- dapwdh 62- pksyh 65- yach dqrhZ 66- ixj[kh 87- oklrk 68- byk;pk 69- el: 70- rulq[k NhaV] ywaxh Hkkar] vryl] vjka"k] tjdlh] eqyeqy] tjnksth] dlch] rikbZ ewaxh ikV] lkyw] uhyd] lqi] eltj] tkekokM+] yk[kkjl] rkgrksa vkfn oL=A

vkHkw"k.k %

1- 'kh"kQwy 2- j[kM+h 3- cksj ghjk dk tM+kÅ

4- Bhdfj;k Vhdk 5- d.kZQwy 6- ihiy i=

7- Qwy >wedk vkxksyk 8- uFk] 9- >wedk

10- dkaVk 11- oyuh 12- ckjh&ekSatw

13- nkarksa esa lksus dh pksais 14- gkjikV 15- daBh

16- uheksM+h 17- Fkef.k;k 18-rqylh

19- rqLlh 20- tqxkoyh 21- tksdh

22-daBlkjh 23- daBekyk 24- ekf.kD; ekyk

25- eksrh ekyk 26- ekanfy;k 27 pUnzgkj

28- galgkj 29- xqtekyk 30- tkyjk

31- cktwcan 32-v.kr 33- xwxjh

34- xksxjh 35 ikV dêk 36- dad.k&yaxj

37- xksxjh 38- xtjk 39- pwM+h Hkqtk ls ysdj dybZ rd ds tsoj] 40- iwapk&gFkiku 41- chaVh 42- ewanM+h

43- nke.kk 44- vaxwBh 45- ik;y

46- ik;tsc 47- uqiqj 49- >ka>fj;k

50- usojh 51- vkaoyk 52- yaxj

53- tksM+ 54- dM+k 55- ixiku

56- rksM+k 57- vaxwBk dk vuksr 58- fcfN;k

59- Qksyjk 60- Qksyjh 61- vuoV

62- NYyk ¼xgus lksus ds dherh iRFkj o eksfr;ksa ls tM+s½

izeksn ds lk/ku

1- ?kqM+lokjh 2- i'kqvksa ds ;q) 3-ukSdk fogkj

4- vka[k fepkSuh 5- pkSiM+ 6- xathQk

7- 'krjat 8- rksrk&eksj 9- fpfM+;k

10- eSuk 11- dcwrj 12- iky f'kdkj

13- cg:fi;ksa dks 'kj.k 14- jkl vk;kstu 15- laxhr

16- u`R; 17- ?kwej 18- xojh

19- Qwanh] 20- ?ksjk u`R;

ok|

1- xtj 2- nekek 3- ?kM+iky

4- nqanqfHk 6- 'kgukbZ 6- j.kdsd.k

7- uxkM+s 8- rqjgh 9- oh.kk

10- <+ksy 11-flrkj 12- rUnqjk

13- fla?kk&Hkksik 14- ckalqjh 15- lkjaxh

[kku&iku

1- jksVh 2- iwM+h 3- ?ksoj

4- yìw 5- tysch 6- eBM+h

7- cslu ds yìw 8- Qh.kh 9- [kktk

10- lhjk 11- 'kDdj dh jksVh 12- nw/k dh jksVh]

13- lsao 14- lso ds yìw 15- mM+n eqjdh

16- ykIlh 17- pkoy 18- dsllfj;ka Hkkar

19- [ksjk 20- cM+h 21-ikiM+h

22- ikiM+h 23- ikiM+ 24- [khpM+h

25- ehBk [khp 26- xawtk 27- [kqjek

28- ekyiqvk 29- [khj 30- eqjCck

31- vkpkj 32- ngh 33-idokuksa esa byk;ph

34- ykSax 35- cknke 36- nk:

37- [kksijk fxjh 38- xwan 39- fpjkSath

40- fla?kkM+k 41- feJh 42- xqykc dk lr

43- cM+cksj 44- lsao 45- vaxwj

46- uk'kifÙk 47- vukj 48- [kjcwtk

49- ve:n 50- lhrkQy 51 nw/k&ngh&NkN

52- iNkoj 53- vQhe 54- dalwck

55- vk'kks 56- xqykc 57- dslj

58- rEek[kw] 59- gqDdk 60- chM+h

o"kZ 1986 esa ns'k esa lkr lkaLd`frd dsUnzksa dh LFkkiuk gqbZA if'pe jkT;ksa esa jktLFkku] xqtjkr] egkjk"Vª] xksok rFkk dsUnz 'kkflr izns'k ne.k] nho ukxj gosyh dk eq[;ky; jktLFkku jkT; dks feykA ml le; dsUnz ds eq[;ky; ds Hkou LFky dk fu.kZ; gksuk FkkA ,d er Fkk fd 'kgj nwj izkd`frd jE; okrkoj.k esa vPNk vkSj vk/kqfud Hkou fufeZr fd;k tk;s vFkok esokM+ dh lkaLd`frd LFkyh jgs ckxksj dh gosyh tks fiNksyk ds ?kkVksa ij cuh gS dks pquk tk;A bl fo"k; ij yEch&pkSM+h cgls lekpkj i=ksa ls ysdj fofHkUu cSBdksa esa gqbZA vUrr% esokM+ jkT; dh ;g /kjksgj tks lkoZtfud foHkkx dk fgLlk Fkh dsUnz ds eq[;ky; ds fy, pquk x;kA bl gsrq ,d rduhdh 'kk[kk dk l`tu fd;k x;k vkSj th.kZ&'kh.kZ bl Hkou dks fujUrj mi;ksx ds fy, cM+k Jelk/; dj ejEer dk;Z djok,A lQkbZ ds nkSjku ,d rg[kkuk feyk ftls dykchFkh esa ifjofrZr fd;k x;kA gosyh esa iqjkus vk;fj'k vkSj ?kqVkbZ dk dk;Z Fkk] gosyh ds mlh Lo:i dks cuk;s j[kus ds fy, mlh rduhd ij th.kksZ)kj fd;k x;kA gosyh ds ewy Lo:i dks ifjofrZr ugha fd;k x;k vkSj esokM+h 'kSyh dks lajf{kr j[kkA dbZ txg Q'kZ u;k yxk;k x;k] ydM+h] >kyh] >jks[ksa ds dk;Z fd,A bl izdkj e`rizk;% Hkou dk iqu:)kj fd;k x;kA

bl gosyh ds laj{k.k dk nwljk nkSj gosyh esa ,d laxzkgy; cukus ds fu.kZ; ds lkFk o"kZ 1991&92 ls bl ekUkfldrk ds lkFk gqvk fd fofo/k mik;ksa ls bl gosyh dks lhyu ls cpko fd, tk,A nhed vkSj dh.kkvksa ij fu;U=.k gks] jks'kunkuksa esa lq/kkj gksA iqjkru rRo dks lqjf{kr j[k mUgsa etcwrh fn;s tkrs jgus ds mik; fd, tk;A iqjkus fuek.kZ ls NsM+NkM+ u dh tk, vkSj cps gq, Hkhfrfp=ksa dks lajf{kr j[kk tk;sA etcwrh vkSj Bksl nsus ds fy, <+kapkxr fo'ks"krkvksa dks v{kq.; j[kk tk;s] xks[kM+s vkSj >jks[kksa dks mlh Lo:i esa jgus fn;k tk; rFkk dkye o Økl ckj rduhd dk bLrseky gksA vtuch vkSj ckgjh csfglkc ifjorZuksa vkSj ifjo/kZuksa dks gosyh ekSfyd ds vuqdwy gVk, x,] iqjkru Lo:i dh reko fof'k"Vrkvksadks cuk, j[kk vkSj fdaokM+ksa ds iqjkru Lo:i dks Hkh mlh izdkj cuk, j[kk rFkk fofHkUu fuEu d{k fodflr dj bls fo'ks"k laxzgky; dk Lo:i fn;k x;kA

laxhr ,oa f'k{kk d{k

gosyh vkSj jkt ifjokjksa ls gekjh dyk dks ;Fkksfpr izJe feyk rfkk dbZ ifjokjksa dk dyk ls x+gjk tqM+ko jgk gSA bl ijaijk ds vuq:I laxzgky; esa l`ftr laxh d{k jktifjokj dk laxhr ds izfr yxko dk izrhd ek= gSA bl d{k esa ,d ,slh lalxhr 'kkyk dk izfr:I gS tgka jkfu;k¡ laxhr dh f'k{kk xzg.k djrh FkhA bl d{k esa laxhr ds f'k{k.k vkSj fufer vH;kl ds ffy;s iz;qä gksus okys fofHkUu iqLrdksa] ok| ;a=ksa] lkjaxh] rcyk] <+ksyd] ck¡lqjh] pax] <+iyh] uxkM+k] 'kgukbZ vkfn dks n'kkZ;k x;k gSA

ijs.Mk&tyx`g

gosyh ,oa jkt?kjkus esa jlksbZ ?kj ds ikl ihus ds ikuh ds laxzg dk LFkku gksrk FkkA ihus ds ikuh dh 'kq)rk vkSj ifo=rk dh n`f"V ls d{k esa ,d ifo= LFkku lqjf{kr j[kk tkrk Fkk] tks ijs.Mk&tyx`g dgykrk FkkA ;gka feêh] /kkrq ik=ksa ls 'kq) ty Hkjk tkrk FkkA bu ik=ksa ls dsoy jkffu;ksa dh fof'k"B lsfodk,a gh ty Hkj dj ikuh fifykrh FkhA

cSBd d{k

jkuh viuh lf[k;ksa ds lkFk cSBdj okrkZyki djrh FkhA bls njh[kkuk dgk tkrk FkkA bl njh[kkus esa jkfu;ksa ds cSBus ds rkSj rjhds o lkt lTtk dks n'kkZ;k x;k gSA

jlksbZ ?k ¼jlksM+k½

jkt ifjokjksa esa Hkkstu ds fy, jlksM+&jlksbZ ?kj dh i`Fkd O;oLFkk gksrh Fkh tgka jktifjokj ,oa muds egekuksa ds fy, Lokfn"V Hkkstu curk FkkA bl jlksbZ ?kj esa cM+s Lrj ij hkkstu cukus ds fy, /kkrq] dkB ds cM+&cM+s ik= gksrs FksA vukt o vU; [k| lkexzh ds fy, Hk.Mkjksa dh Hkh O;oLFkk gksrh FkhA

ekthlk dk dejk

gosyh ds tuku[kus esa cM+h cqtqxZ jktekrk ¼ekth lk-½ ds d{k esa iw.kZr% 'osr oL=ksa dk gh mi;ksx fd;k tkrk Fkk o bl d{k esa muds b"V&nso] muds ifr o /kkfeZd fp= gh yxk, tkrs FksA

iwtk d{k

gosyh o jkt?kjkuksa dh jkfu;ka vius b"V nsoksa dk iwtu vius fuokl gosyh o egyksa gh fd;k djrh FkhA blds fy, gosyh esa gh viuk iwtk x`g cuk;k tkrk FkkA

Lukukxkj

jfuokl ds Lukukxkj dh O;oLFkk _rqvksa ds vuqdwy dh tkrh FkfhA ihry] rkacs o dkals dh dqfM;ksa] xksyksa esa ty j[kk jgrk rFkk Luku d{k esa ydM+h ds iês ij cSBk dj fiëh] eqyrkuh feêh] vkaoyk&jhBk rfkk eSy bR;kfn fudkyus ds fy, >koj dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk FkkA

J`axkj d{k

J`axkj d{k esa ekSlekuqdwy oL= j[kus ds eatw"k esokM+ izR;sd _rq ds fy, fu/kkZfjr jax ds ifj/kku /kkj.k fd, tkrs Fks] tSls QkYxqu ekl esa Qkxfu;ka] Jko.k esa ygfj;k bR;kfnA d{k esa tsoj j[kus ds fy, eatw"kk gksrh rFkk cs'kdherh vyadkjksa ds fy, i`Fkd ls ,d ik=&Mcwlk gksrk FkkA J`axkj ds mijkUr b=] QqySy o xqykc ty fNM+dko fd;k tkrk FkkA b= eq[;r^ eksxjk] panu bR;kfn ds gksrs FksA

x.kxkSj d{k

esokM+ fj;klr esa x.kxkSj o rht+ egksRlo cM+h iz/kkurk ls euk;s tkrs FksA bl mRlo esa f'ko o ikoZrh dks ^bZlj o ^x.kxkSj* ds :i esa iwtk tkrk FkkA vkt Hkh f=iksfy;k njokts] x.kxkSj ?kkV ij tc x.kxkSj dh lokjh igaqprh gS rks lkjs mn;;iqj dk tu lewg iwtk&vpZuk ds fy, meM+ iM+rk gSA

'k;u d{k

'k;u d{k bl izdkj cuk gksrk gS fd izR;sd _rq esa os vkjkensg fLFkfr esa foJke dj lldsaA xzh"edky esa 'k;u d{k dks B.Mk ,oa goknkj djdus ds fy, ia[kksa vkfn dk iz;ksx Fkk rfkk ia[kk >yus dk dk;Z MkofM+;ka djrh FkhA 'khrdkyhu l= esa d{k ds rkieku dks cuk, j[kus ds fy, flxfM+;ksa dk iz;ksx gksrk FkkA d{k dh lTtk jkfu;ksa dh :ph ds vuq:I dh tkrh Fkh rFkk d{k esa eq[;r% ,d <+ksfy;k vfkkZr~ iyax jgkr Fkk] ftl ij xík] jt+kbZ] rfd;k] ia[kh bR;kfn ds vfrfjfä iyax ds ikl gh ikuh dk ik= vkjkensg ixj[kh] eatw"k vR;kfn j[ks tkrs FksA

vkeksn&izeksn d{k

vkeksn&izeksn vkjaHk ls gh euq"; ds thou dk izeq[k vax jgk gS rfkk blds fy, izR;sd oxZ us vius&vius [ksy cuk,A esokM+ es ?kjkuksa esa 'krjat] pkSiM+] lkai lh<+h izeq[k [ksy jgs gSa tks ekufld O;k;ke ds lkFk 'kkldh; j.kuhfr fuekZ.k esa lgk;d gksrk FkkA blh ijEijkuq:i l`ftr bl d{k esa 'krjat] pkSiM+] lkai lh<+h vkSja xathQs n'kkZ, x, gSa tgka jktifjokj dh efgyk,a mUeqDr gksdj [ksy [ksyrh FkhA

fo'ks"k vkd"kZ.k

HkhM+HkkM+ ls vkSj dksykgy ls nwj vikj tyfuf/k ds fdukjs ;g gosyh vius esa vusd izkphu jgL;ksa vkSj dqrqgyksa dks lesaVs gq, gSA txg&txg Hkwy&HkwyS;k okys ekxZ vkSj vR;Ur vkd"kZd rjk'ks gq, uDdk'kh ;qä >kyhnkj >jks[ks] xks[kM+s vkSj nhokjksas ds ifjos'k esa yksdlaxhr vkSj yksdu`R;ksa ls lth 'kke ns'kh&ijns'kh i;ZVdksa ds fy, fo'ks"k vkd"kZ.k gSA gosyh ls lhVh isysl tkus ds fy, lh/kk ekxZ gS tgka ls i;ZVd iSny vkSj fjD'kk ls lgt tkrs gSaA

ckxksj dh gosyh esa ^/kjksgj* vk;kstuk ds vUrxZr i;ZVdksa ds fy, izfrfnu jktLFkkuh yksdlaLd`fr dh 'kke ltrh gSA 'kke dks fo|qr ds f>yfey izdk'k esa gosyh dk izkphu jax&:i vkSj fj;klrh tekusa dh 'kku&'kkSdr mHkj vkrh gSA gosyh dk rqylh pkSd ftls igys dey pkSd Hkh dgk tkrk Fkk] ;gha Hkxokua ck.kukFkth dk efUnj gS] fLFkr pkSd esa loZ izFke 'ka[k vkSj <+ksy dh Fkki ij dk;ZØe dk vkxkt+ gksrk gS vkSj vkxUrqd esgekuksa ds vkxeu ij jktLFkkuh rky vkSj Loj esa Lokxr yksdxhr dh izLrqfr ds lkFk fofo/k yksdxhrksa vkSj u`R;ksa dh Ük`a[kyk ltrh gSA n'kZd xojh] pjh] rsjgrkyh] ?kwej] HkobZ] dBiqryh vkfn dbZ izdkj ds jlIykfor xhr vkSj u`R;ksa dh izLrqfr;ka gj fdlh dk eu eksg ysrh gSA /kjksgj dk ;g vk;kstu xr ,d n'kd ls vck/k :i ls gj jkst lk;adky 7 cts ls jkf= 8 cts rd pyrk gS vkSj i;ZVdksa dk lSykc ;gka jktLFkkuh >yd ikus ds fy, meM+rk gSA

14-04-2012

ifjp;

Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk o"kZ 1986&87 esa ns'k esa LFkkfir lkr {ks=h; lkaLÑfrd dsUnzksa esa ls ,d if'pe {ks= lkaLÑfrd dsUnz dk eq[;ky; mn;iqj esa LFkkfir fd;k x;kA

dsUnz ds v/khu jktLFkku] xqtjkr] egkjk"Vª xksok o dsUnz 'kkflr izns'k neu] nho o nknjk uxj gosyh gSaA bl {ks= dh lkaLÑfrd fojklr cgqr le`) gSA bl izns'k esa ,d rjQ tgka ,sfrgkfld e: izns'k jktLFkku gS] ogha nwljh vksj vjc lkxj ds leqnz rV dks Nwrk gqvk xksok izns'k gS tks vius iqjkus iqrZxky 'kklu dh ;knsa lesVs gq, gSaA

,d lkaLÑfrd dsUnz ds v/khu ,d ls vf/kd jkT; feykus dk ewy mís'; ;g Fkk fd ;s jkT; vkil esa lkaLÑfrd fofue; dj ldsA bu lkaLÑfrd dsUnzks ds eq[;ky; egkuxjksa o jkt/kkfu;ksa ls nwj j[kus dk mís'; ;g Fkk fd NksVs dLcksa o xkaoksa ds yksxksa ls tqMk tk lds] tgka ij Hkkjr dh okLrfod laLÑfr o le`) fojklr fo|eku gSA if'pe {ks= lkaLÑfrd dsUnz ,d iathÑr laLFkk gSA jktLFkku ds egkefge jkT;iky blds v/;{k gSA lapkyu lfefr] dk;Zdkjh e.My] dk;ZØe lfefr vkSj foÙklfefr esa Hkkjr ljdkj o lnL; jkT;ksa dss ljdkjh o xSj ljdkjh lnL; gSA

bu lkaLÑfrd dsUnzksa dk eq[; mís'; xzkeh.k Hkkjr esa lkaLÑfrd xfrfof/k;ksa dk tky fcNkuk] ;=&r= QSyh vuqie dyk ,oa f'kYi 'kSfy;ksa dks izksRlkfgr djuk rFkk ;gka dh le`) o foLr`r lkaLÑfrd fojklr ds ckjs es psruk tkx`r djuk gSA dsUnz }kjk yksxksa dh lgHkkfxrk c<kus rFkk yqIr izk;% dyk o f'kYi 'kSfy;ksa dks iquZthfor dj laj{k.k iznku djus ij fo'ks"k /;ku fn;k tkrk gSA

2- if'pe {ks= lkaLÑfrd dsUnz

if'pe {ks= lkaLÑfrd dsUnz ,d iathÑr laLFkk gS] ftldh LFkkiuk 1986 esa dh xbZA bl dsUnz dh LFkkiuk if'peh {ks= jktLFkku] xqtjkr] egkjk"Vª] xksok o dsUnz 'kkflr izns'k neu] nho o nknjk uxj gosyh esa lkaLÑfrd jpukRed fodkl] izn'kZudkjh dykvksa] pk{kq"k dykvksa] lkfgfR;d dk;Z] ikjEifjd yksd o tutkfr dykvksa ds mUu;u o laj{k.k ds fy, dh xbZA

lkaLÑfrd dsUnzksa dh LFkkiuk dk mís'; lkaLÑfrd fojklr dks can n'kZd nh?kkZvksa dh ctk; fofHkUu lkaLÑfrd laLFkkvksa dks c<+kok nsdj ns'k ds djksM+ksa yksxksa rd igq¡pkuk gSA dsUnzksa dh LFkkiuk yksxksa dh lgHkkfxrk ,oa lkaLÑfrd iquthZou rFkk {ks= dh yqIr izk;% dyk o f'kYi 'kSfy;ksa dk izys[ku djus ds fy;s dh xbZ gSaA

if'pe {ks= lkaLÑfrd dsUnz bl {ks= esa fofHkUu LFkkuksa ij QSyh dykvksa ds fodkl rFkk izksRlkgu ds fy, dM+k ifjJe dj jgk gS rFkk ;= r= QSyh Hkkjr dh le`) lkaLÑfrd fojklr ls yksxksa dks ifjfpr djkus ds fy;s psruk tkx`r dj jgk gSA bu mís';ksa dh iwfrZ ds fy, dsUnz fofHkUu jkT;ksa] dsUnzh; vdknfe;ksa o Lo;alsoh laLFkkvksa ds lg;ksx ls xzkeh.k Lrj] rglhy] ftyk] jkT; Lrj] vUr%{ks= o cká {ks= rFkk lEiw.kZ Hkkjr esa fofHkUu dk;ZØe ,oa lkaLÑfrd xfrfof/k;ka lapkfyr dj jgk gSA

if'pe {ks= lkaLÑfrd dsUnz dk dk;kZy; ,sfrgkfld ckxksj dh gosyh] mn;iqj esa fLFkr gSaA

3- ckxksj dh gosyh

if'pe {ks= lkaLÑfrd dsUnz dks jktLFkku ljdkj us o"kZ 1986 esa ,sfrgkfld ckxksj dh gosyh dks dsUnz dk eq[;ky; cukus ds fy, lkSaikA

ckxksj dh gosyh fiNksyk >hy ds fdukjs x.kxkSj ?kkV ij fLFkr gS] tgka ls tx fuokl ¼vc ysd iSysl gksVy½ ,oa tx eafnj Li"V fn[kkbZ nsrs gSA bl gosyh dk fuekZ.k o"kZ 1751 ls 1778 rd egkjk.kk izrkiflag f}rh;] jktflag] vjh flag o gehj flag ds 'kklu dky esa esokM+ ds iz/kkuea=h jgs Jh vej pan cMok us djok;kA

Jh vej pan cMok dh e`R;q ds i'pkr ;g gosyh esokM+ jkT; ds 'kkgh ifjokj ds vkf/kiR; esa vk xbZA blds ckn ;g gosyh egkjk.kk ds HkkbZ egkjktk ukFk flag ds vf/kdkj esa vkbZ] rRi'pkr esokM+ 'kkgh ifjokj esa ckxksj fBdk.kk ,d egRoiw.kZ LFkku cu x;kA blds ckn ckxksj ds fBdk.ks dk eqf[k;k egkjkt dgykus yxkA

tc dHkh 'kkgh ifjokj esa iq#"k mÙkjkf/kdkjh ugha gksrk Fkk rc esokM+ 'kklu dks pykus ds fy, ckxksj dh gosyh ls yM+dksa dks xksn fy;k tkrk FkkA

o"kZ 1828 ls 1884 dh vof/k esa ckxksj fBdk.ks ls pkj egkjk.kk ljnkj flag] Lo:i flag] 'kEHkw flag o lTtu flag xksn fy;s x;s ftudk cpiu o tokuh ckxksj dh gosyh ds pkSd o xfy;kjksa esa chrkA

egkjkt ukFk flag ds ckn xn~nh ij cSBs egkjkt Hkhe flag us fiNksyk ds fdukjs x.kxkSj ?kkV dk fuekZ.k djok;k] tgk¡ ij izfro"kZ pS= ¼ekpZ@viszy½ ekg esa x.kxkSj mRlo euk;k tkrk gSA egkjk.kk lTtu flag ¼1874&1884½ vafre 'kkld Fks ftudks ckxksj fBdk.ks ls xksn fy;k Fkk] mUgksusa muds firk egkjkt Jh 'kfDr flag dks ckxksj dk ekfydkuk gd bZuke esa nsdj 'kfDr flag th dks ckxksj dk izeq[k cuk fn;kA o"kZ 1878 esa egkjkt 'kfDr flag us x.kxkSj ?kkV ij ,d vR;Ur lqUnj dkap dh iPphdkjh ls ;qDr f=iksfy;k ¼rhu rksj.k }kj½ cuok;k ,oa gosyh esa Hkh dakp dh iPphdkjh ;qDr dke dj djok;kA

egkjk.kk 'kfDr flag dh e`R;q ds i'pkr] ckxksj fBdk.ks esa fdlh Hkh iq#"k mÙkjkf/kdkjh ds ugha gksus ds dkj.k ckxksj fBdk.ks ij esokM+ jkT; dk vkf/kiR; gks x;kA egkjk.kk Qrg flag ¼1884&1930½ us ckxksj dh gosyh dks ß[kkylkÞ ?kksf"kr djds bls esokM+ jkT; esa feyk fn;kA muds mÙkjkf/kdkjh egkjk.kk Hkwiky flag th ¼1930&1955½ us bl gosyh dk iquZfuekZ.k djok;k rFkk bls 'kkgh ifjokj ds Bgjus ds fy, r`rh;&Js.kh ds foJkfUr x`g esa ifjofrZr fd;kA

vktknh ds ckn jktLFkku ljdkj us bl gosyh dks jkT; ljdkj ds deZpkfj;ksa ds fuokl ds fy, mi;ksx esa fy;kA yxHkx pkyhl o"kZ rd gosyh ds j[k j[kko ij /;ku ugha fn;s tkus ds dkj.k ;g ttZj voLFkk esa igqap xbZA

o"kZ 1986 esa tc if'pe {ks= lkaLÑfrd dsUnz dk xBu gqvk rks jkT; ljdkj us ckxksj dh gosyh dks dsUnz dk eq[;ky; LFkkfir djus ds fy;s lkSaikA bl gosyh dks ftlesa 138 d{k] cjkens o dbZ xfy;kjs gSa] dks Bhd djuk cgqr dfBu dk;Z FkkA bl ,sfrgkfld gosyh dh izkekf.kdrk o LFkkiR; 'kSyh dks /;ku esa j[krs gq;s ikjEifjd lkeku o etnwjksa ds }kjk bldk iqufuZekZ.k izkphu Lo:i ds vuqlkj djok;k x;kA 5 lky dh Je lk/; esgur ds i'pkr if'pe {ks= lkaLÑfrd dsUnz dks lUrqf"V o xoZ gS fd gosyh esa laxzgky; dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ ftls lEiw.kZ fo'o ds gtkjksa i;ZVd izfro"kZ ns[krs gSa o iz'kalk djrs gSaA

4- ckxksj dh gosyh laxzgky;

ckxksj dh gosyh ds ,sfrgkfld egRo o LFkkiR; lqUnjrk dks ns[krs gq;s dsUnz us izkjEHk ls gh bls laxzgky; esa cnyus dk lkspkA izkjfEHkd fopkj ds vuqlkj jktLFkku] xqtjkr] egkjk"Vª] xksok Hkkjr ds if'peh jkT;ksa dh laLÑfr dks iznf'kZr djus lEcfU/kr laxzgky; LFkkfir djus dk izLrko FkkA nwljs fopkj ds vuqlkj ;g eglwl fd;k x;k fd gosyh dh vkd"kZd LFkkiR; 'kSyh ,oa bldh vn~Hkqnrk Lo;a bldh fo'ks"krk gSA ;g gosyh vius vki esa okLrfod LFkkiR; 'kSyh dk laxzgky; gS blfy;s bls egkjk"Vª o xksok dh laLÑfr ls lEcfU/kr laxzgky; ds :i esa LFkkfir fd;k tkuk gosyh dh LFkkiR; dyk ds n`f"Vxr esa vizklafxd le>k x;kA ikap o"kZ ds Je lk/; iz;kl ,oa fo'kky /kujkf'k O;; djds gosyh dk iquZuohuhdj.k dj laxzgky; LFkkfir fd;k ftlesa 'kkgh ifjokjksa dh thou 'kSyh] LFkkiR;] lkaLÑfrd yksdkpkj ,oa iqjkru xkSjo dks gqcgw iznf'kZr fd;k x;kA

gosyh ds vkarfjd LFkkuksa dks iquZlfTtr djus dh ;kstuk esa dkQh le; yxkA vkt ;fn dksbZ O;fDr ckxksj dh gosyh ds xfy;kjksa esa ?kwes rks mls ;gka ij jkt?kjkus dh 'kkgh thou 'kSyh dks ns[kus dks feyrh gS ftlesa cSBd d{k] iwtk d{k] J`xakj d{k] vkeksn&izeksn d{k vkfn izeq[k gSA ;g lHkh d{k tc ckxksj ifjokj ;gka fuokl djrk Fkk] oSlh gh thou 'kSyh dks izfrfcfEcr fd;k x;k gSaA

euksjatu d{k ¼vkeksn&izeksn d{k½

ekuo thou esa euksjatu dk vR;f/kd egRo gSA ekuo lekt esa izR;sd oxZ ds euksjatu ds vius Lo;a ds lk/ku gksrs gSA gosyh o esokM+ ds 'kkgh egyksa esa 'krjat] pkSiM+] lkai&lh<+h vkfn vkarfjd euksjatu ds lk/ku gksrs FksA euksjatu ds lk/ku ml le; ds 'kkldksa dks lkspus ,oa 'kklu pykus dh n{krk esa vfHko`f) djrs FksA bl d{k esa 'krjat]pkSiM+] lkai&lh<+h ,oa xathQk vkfn vkUrfjd [ksy ikjEifjd :i esa iznf'kZr fd;s x;s gSA 'kkgh ifjokj dh efgyk,a Qqjlr ds le; viuh varjax lgsfy;ksa ,oa lEcfU/k;ksa ds lkFk ;s [ksy [ksyrh FkhA

'k;u d{k

'k;u d{k ,sls rjhds ls ltk;k tkrk Fkk ftlesa efgyk,a izR;sd ekSle esa vkjke ls jg ldrh FkhA xzh"edky esa nkfl;ksa }kjk diM+s ls cus Nr ds ia[ks >ys tkrs FksA 'kjn _rqvksa esa bUgsa flxfM+;ksa ls xeZ j[kk tkrk FkkA d{k dh ltkoV jkuh dh :fp ds vuqlkj gksrh FkhA 'k;u d{k esa <ksfy;k ¼iyax½ e; xn~nk] jtkbZ] rfd;k] gkFk ia[ks vkfn j[ks tkrs FksA blesa ihus ds ikuh] diM+s j[kus ds fy, ydM+h ds cDls ,oa twrs j[kus ds LVs.M vkfn dh leqfpr O;oLFkk gksrh FkhA

x.kxkSj d{k

esokM+ esa x.kxkSj o rht&R;kSgkj cM+s mRlkg ls euk;s tkrs gSA ;g ßx.kÞ ¼Hkxoku f'ko½ ,oa ßxkSjÞ ¼mudh iRuh ikoZrh½ dk mRlo gSA Hkxoku f'ko dks ßbZljÞ o ikoZrh dks ßxkSjÞ ds :i esa iwtk tkrk gSA gosyh ds vxz Hkkx f=iksfy;k ¼rhu njokts ij½ ij x.kxkSj ?kkV fLFkr gS] tgka mn;iqjoklh ,df=r gksdj izfr o"kZ x.kxkSj mRlo eukrs gSaA

J`xkaj d{k

J`xkaj d{k esa efgykvksa ds iguus ds fy, dherh vkHkw"k.k j[kus gsrq ,d eatw"kk ¼ydM+h dk cDlk½ j[kk x;k gSA esokM+ gosyh ,oa 'kkgh ifjokj dh x`fgf.k;ka fofHkUu _rqvksa ds fglkc ls jax&fcjaxs diMs+ igurh FkhA os QkYxqu ¼Qjojh&ekpZ½ esa Qkxqfu;k rFkk lkou ¼tqykbZ&vxLr½ esa ygfj;k igurh FkhA bl d{k esa vkHkw"k.k cDls ,oa dherh o nqyZHk xgus j[kus ds /kkrq ds fofHkUu cDls j[ks x;s gSA bl d{k esa efgykvksa ds rS;kj gksus ds i'pkr mi;ksx esa fy;s tkus okys b= QqySy vkfn dks j[kus ds fy, b=nku iznf'kZr fd;s x;s gSA b= QqySy vke rkSj ij xqykc] pesyh o panu ds gksrs FksA

Lukukxkj

jaxfuokl ¼jkfu;ksa dk egy½ esa Lukukxkj dh O;oLFkk _rqvksa ds vuqlkj cnyh tkrh FkhA Lukukxkj esa ihry o rkacs dh /kkrqvksa ds cus Vc ¼dq.Mh½ ,oa ?kMs+ ¼xksys½ j[ks gq;s gSaA efgyk;sa ugkus ls iwoZ vius 'kjhj ij ydM+h ds iês ij cSBdj nkfl;ksa ls ihBh ¼gYnh] pus dk vkVk o rktk eykbZ ;qDr feJ.k½ djokdj o 'kjhj dks nw/k o panu ;qDr ikuh ls /kqyokrh FkhA blds i'pkr Luku djrh FkhA Luku esa dke vkus okyh lkexzh ihBh] eqyrkuh feêh] vkaoyk o vkjhBk gksrk FkkA ,Mh o ikaoksa ls xanxh gVkus ds fy, /kkrq ;k feêh ds cus >koj dke esa fy;s tkrs FksA

ekthlk dk dejk ¼jktekrk dk dejk½

?kj dh lcls cqtqxZ efgyk ds jgus ds fy, ekthlk dk dejk lknxh ds izrhd lQsn jax ls ;qDr nSfud mi;ksx dh oLrqvksa ls cuk;k x;k gSA bl d{k esa muds iwtk dk O;fDrxr lkeku] muds ifr dk fp= o thou ls lEcfU/kr ?kVukvksa ds fp= rFkk ifo= /kkfeZd xazFk iznf'kZr fd;s x;s gSaA

iwtk d{k

'kkgh ifjokjksa dh jkfu;ka vius bZ"V nso dh iwtk vius fuokl ij gh djrh FkhA gosyh ifjlj esa ,d dejk iwtk ds fy, cuk;k tkrk Fkk ftlesa jkfu;ka vklkuh ls igqapdj iwtk dj ldrh FkhA

cSBd d{k

,d d{k ftlesa jkfu;ka vius fe=ksa o lEcfU/k;ksa ds lkFk cSBdj jktuhfr] lkekftd thou ij ifjppkZ o xi'ki djrh FkhA bl d{k dks jkfu;ksa dk njh[kkuk dgk tkrk Fkk] tks bl d{k dh vuwBh cSBd O;oLFkk dks iznf'kZr djrk gSA

jlksM+k ¼jlksbZ ?kj½

izR;sd 'kkgh ?kj esa 'kkgh ifjokj ds lnL;ksa o esgekuksa ds fy;s [kkuk cukus ds fy, vyx ls jlksbZ ?kj gksrk FkkA bl jlksbZ ?kj esa /kkrq o ydM+h ls fufeZr cMs&cM+s crZu gksrs FksA jlksbZ?kj esa vukt o [kk| lkexzh dks lqjf{kr j[kus ds fy, vyx ls Hk.Mkj gksrs FksA

ijs.Mk ¼ihus dk ikuh j[kus dk LFkku½

gosfy;ksa o 'kkgh jkt?kjkus esa jlksbZ ds ikl ijs.Mk ¼ihus dk ikuh j[kus dk LFkku½ gksrk FkkA ;gka ls nkfl;ka viuh jkfu;ksa dks ikuh fiykrh FkhA ijs.Mk esa feêh o rkacs ds cus lkQ&lqFkjs ?kMs+ gksrs FksA ijs.Mk ls NksVs ik=ksa esa jkfu;ksa ds vyx&vyx dejksa esa ikuh ys tk;k tkrk FkkA

laxhr d{k ¼laxhr o f'k{kk d{k½

gosfy;ksa o 'kkgh ?kjksa esa fuokl djus okys] dyk dks izJ; nsus ds 'kkSdhu gksrs FksA bl ijEijk dks thfor j[kus ds fy, izR;sd gosyh esa ,d laxhr o f'k{kk d{k gksrk FkkA ;g 'kkgh ?kjkuksa esa laxhr o lkfgR; ds izfr >qdko dks n'kkZrk gSA ;g d{k vius vki esa ,d laLFkk gksrh Fkh] tgka gosyh dh efgyk,a laxhr] lkfgR; ,oa /keZxzaFkks dk v/;;u djrh FkhA bl d{k esa lkajxh] uxkM+k] 'kgukbZ] <ksyd] ckalqjh] pax vkfn laxhr okn~; ;a= j[ks tkrs FksA

fo'o dh lcls cMh ixMh

mÙkj Hkkjr ds jkT; jktLFkku] xqtjkr] e/; izns'k] mÙkj izns'k vkfn esa f'kjL=k.k /kkj.k djus dh izkphu ijEijk izpyu esa gSaA f'kjL=k.k vFkkZr flj ij /kkj.k dh tkus okyh&ixMhA bu izns'kksa esa ikx&ixMh dks xkSjo] lEeku vkSj izfr"Bk dk izrhd ekuk x;k gSaA ixMh rFkk mldks iguus ds rjhds ls ml O;fDr ds O;olk;] tkfr rFkk {ks= dh igpku gksrh gSa] lkFk gh blls ml O;fÙd dk ifjokj esa in vFkok inoh dk Kku gksrk gSaA bfrgkl esa ixMh cny dj ca/kqRo dh Hkkouk dks izcy djus okys vusd mnkgj.k gSaA

ikx&ixMh ds ifjnz'; esa eq[; fcUnq ;g gS fd Hkkjr esa vusd volj] eksle rFkk igpku ds vuq:i vyx&vyx jax o izdkj dh ixMh /kkj.k dh tkrh gSaA ,slh Hkh ekU;rk gS fd ixMh 'k=w ,oa izsrkRekvksa ls vkidh j{kk djrh gSaA

ckxksj dh gosyh laxzkgky; esa iznf'kZr 30 fdyksxzke dh ixMh fo'o dh lcls cMh ixMh gS ftls xqtjkr ds cMksnk ds Jh voUrh yky ih- pkoyk us fo'ks"k :i ls l`ftr dh gSaA

ixMh dh mpkbZ 80 ls-eh-vksj ?ksjk 320 ls-eh- o vuqekfur 9 ls-eh- cukjlh lkMh dk eksVkbZ okys xksy jksy ds vUnj :bZ vkssj dks,j Qkse ¼ukfj;y jfLl@tqV½ nksuks dks feykdj Hkjdj bl bruh cMh ixMh dks cka/kk x;kA bl vnHkqr ixMh dks yxHkx N% ekg ds fHkrj cka/kdj rS;kj fd;k x;kA

bUnz foeku&¼gkFkh dk jFk½

jktLFkku esa >kykokM fj;klr ds jktjk.kk }kjk 125 o"kZ iwoZ cuok;k x;k] ;g jFk ftls nks gkfFk;ksa }kjk f[kpk tkrk FkkA yksgk] ydMh] ckal] rFkk peZ fd ckfjd tkfy;k ls lqlfTtr ;g jFk 'kksHkk ;k=kvksa esa iz;qDr gksrk FkkA n'kgjk o fnikoyh tSls egkioksZ ij yksd vkjk/; nsoh] nsorkvksa dks bl jFk esa chBk dj jFk ;k=k ds euksjFk iw.kZ gksrs FksA

>kykokM uxj ikfydk us ;g jFk lu 1989 esa if'pe {ks= lkaLÑfrd dsUnz dks HksV fd;k ftldk izn'kZu ckxksj dh gosyh ds eqDrkx.k esa fd;k x;k gSaA ;g jFk ckxksj dh gosyh esa >h.kZ voLFkk esa yk;k x;k] ftldk dsUnz }kjk lko/kkuh iwoZd >h.ksZ}kj djok;k x;kA

5- lg xfrfof/k;ka

5-1 lUnHkZ iqLrdky;

dsUnz us izn'kZudkjh dykvksa] pk{kq"k dykvksa] f'kYi] Hkkjrh; bfrgkl dyk o laLÑfr lkfgR; ls lEcfU/kr cks/kxE; iqLrdky; dh LFkkiuk dhA iqLrdky; lUnHkZ lkexzh ds mi;ksx ds fy;s [kqyk jgrk gSaA

5-2 xzkfQd LVwfM;ks

dsUnz us o"kZ 1988 esa yhFkksxzkQh] bfpax ,oa fizfUVx dh lqfo/kkvksa ls ;qDr xzkfQd LVwfM;ks dh LFkkiuk dh gSA xzkfQd LVwfM;ks esa dykdkjksa dks bl LFkku ij dke djus o lqfo/kkvksa dk mi;ksx djus dk volj feyrk gSA LVwfM;ks esa jk"Vªh; ,oa vUrjkZ"Vªh; yhFkksxzkQh Lrj ds f'kfoj lfgr fofHkUu xfrfof/k;ka vk;ksftr dh tkrh gSA

5-3 dyk ohFkh

eqxyd{k ls yxs gq;s fofHkUu d{kksa ,oa Hkwry xfy;kjksa dks lko/kkuh iwoZd iquZuohuhdj.k dj bUgsa vk/kqfud fo|qrlTtk ls ;qDr dyk ohFkh esa ifjofrZr fd;k gSA dsUnz ds Lokxr d{k ds ikl HkaMkj.k {ks= dh yxHkx 350 oxZ QhV nhokjksa esa 70 ls 80 fp=ksa dh izn'kZuh LFkkfir dh xbZ gSA dykohFkh ;qok ,oa mHkjrs dykdkjksa dks izn'kZuh yxkus ds fy, eap iznku djrh gSaA

5-4 izdk'ku

lgHkkxh jkT;ksa dh dyk o laLÑfr dh fofo/krkvksa o fof'k"Vrkvksa dks lajf{kr djus o fodflr j[kus] ,d lw= esa fijksus o budh vke yksxksa esa lgt tkudkjh miyC/k djkus ds mís'; ls dsUnz dh izdk'ku ;kstuk py jgh gSA =Sekfld ßdyk iz;kstuÞ if=dk dk izdk'ku fu;fer py jgk gSA dyk iz;kstu us lkfgR; txr esa viuh ,d vf}rh; igpku cukbZ gSA

5-5 izys[ku

izys[ku dk;Z dsUnz dh ,d egRoiw.kZ xfrfof/k gSA dsUnz yqIr izk;% dyk 'kSfy;ksa dh igpku] laj{k.k ,oa izys[ku ds fy, izfrc) gSA dsUnz }kjk lnL; jkT;ksa dh vusd dyk o f'kYi 'kSfy;ksa dk fu;fer :i ls izys[ku fd;k tk jgk gSA

6- f'kYixzke

mn;iqj ls 3 fdyksehVj if'pe esa Hkkjr dk xkSjo xzkeh.k dyk o f'kYi ifjlj fLFkr gS ftls f'kYixzke ds uke ls vf/kd tkuk tkrk gSA ;g if'pe {ks= ds yksd ,oa tutkfr yksxksa dh okLrqdyk o thou 'kSyh dk fo'kky laxzgky; gSA ;g ifjlj vjkoyh dh xksn esa

130 ch?kk igkMh Hkwfe ij cuk gqvk gS tks lnL; jkT;ksa dh 31 >ksifM+;ksa dk izfrfuf/kRo djrk gSA bu >ksifM+;ksa esa if'peh Hkkjr ds fofHkUu {ks=ksa esa QSyh ekuo tkfr;ksa ds jgu&lgu ,oa ikjEifjd LFkkiR; 'kSyh dks ;Fkkor iznf'kZr fd;k x;k gSaA bu >ksifM+;ksa dh

izkekf.kdrk cuk;s j[kus ds fy;s mu {ks=ksa es fuokl djus okys yksxksa }kjk mlh {ks= dh fuekZ.k lkexzh ykdj bUgsa fufeZr fd;k x;k gSaA

bu ikjEifjd >ksifM+;ksa esa nSfud thou esa ?kj esa dke vkus okyh oLrq,a pkgs feêh dh gks ;k VsDlVkbZy] ydM+h dh gks ;k /kkrq dh] Ñf"k ;a= ;k f'kYidkjksa ds vkStkj iznf'kZr fd;s x;s gSA bu >ksaifM+;ksa dks ,sls <ax ls cuk;k x;k gS ftlls fd yksxksa ds thou dh okLrfod >yd Li"V fn[kkbZ ns lds ,oa budk ewy vfLrRo lqjf{kr jg ldsA

bu >ksaifM+;ksa esa ikjEifjd xzkeh.k thou 'kSyh dks n'kkZ;k x;k gS tgka dqEgkj] lqFkkj] ykSgkj ,oa cqudj dh >ksaifM+;ksa dks ijLij J`a[kyk&c) rjhds ls cuk;k x;k gS ftlls fd ;s lHkh yksx vkil esa lkSgknZiw.kZ rjhds ls vknku&iznku dj ldsA ;s >ksaifM+;ka ,d nwljs ls lVkdj cukus dk mís'; ;g gS fd fØ;kdykiksa dh lksp ds vk/kkj ij buesa e/kqj lEcU/k ,oa xfr'khyrk cuh jg ldsA

6-1 >ksaifM+;k¡ o cktkj

6-1-1 >ksaifM+;¡k% jktLFkku

f'kYixzke esa jktLFkku dk izfrfuf/kRo djus okyh 7 ikjEifjd >ksifM+;¡ka gSA buesa ls nks jkek ,oa le >kasifM;kWa if'peh jktLFkku ds jsrhys bykds dk izfrfuf/kRo djrs gSA rhljh >ksiMh+ mn;iqj ls 70 fd-eh- nwj if'pe esa fLFkr <ksy xkao dh gS tks dqEgkj tkfr dk izfrfuf/kRo djrh gSA ;gka nks >ksaifM;ka Hkhy ,oa lgfj;k Ñ"kd tutkfr leqnk; dh gS] tks nf{k.kh jktLFkku dk izfrfuf/kRo djrh gSA

6-1-2 >ksaifM+;k¡% xqtjkr

;gka xqtjkr jkT; dh 12 >ksaifM;ka fLFkr gS blesa dPN ds cUuh {ks= dh jsckjh] es?koky ,oa eqfLye leqnk; dh nks&nks >ksaifM;ka gSA ;g leqnk; cqukbZ] d'khnkdkjh] eksrh ,oa dkap ds dk;Z ds fy, izfl) gSA ;gka ij mÙkj xqtjkr ds iks'khuk ds ikl ykEcfM;k xkao dh dqEgkj dh >ksaiM+h vofLFkr gS tks fd feêh ds ?kksM+ks ds fy, izfl) gSA

bl >ksaiM+h ds ikl esa NksVk mn;iqj ftys ds clsMh xkao ds cqudj dh >ksaiMh Hkh fLFkr gSA ;gka ij ikjEifjd fiFkksjk fp=dkjh dks n'kkZrh tutkfr leqnk; dh jkBok >ksaiMh gSA ;gka Ñ"kd tutkfr ds Mkax leqnk; dh Mkax >ksaiMh gS tks mudh vuwBh thou 'kSyh dks n'kkZrh gSA ;gka ij ydMh ij uDdk'kh ;qDr isBkiqj gosyh gS tks xqtjkr ds xka/khuxj ds ikl isBkiqj xkao ls ;gka ykdj gq&cgw mlh :i esa ;gka LFkkfir dh xbZA HkqtksMh >ksaiMh dPN {ks= ds jsckjh leqnk; dk izfrfuf/kRo djrh gSA

6-1-3 >ksaifM+;k¡% egkjk"Vª

f'kYixzke esa egkjk"Vª dk izfrfuf/kRo djus okyh 7 >ksaifM;ka gSA jk;x<+ ftys ds dksad.k leqnz rV ij xgu losZ{k.k djus ds ckn f'k'kksj {ks= dh dksyh >ksaiMh dk p;u fd;k x;kA dksyh >ksaiMh ds ikl nf{k.kh egkjk"Vª ds peZ f'kYidkj dk izfrfuf/kRo djus okyh dksYgkiqj >ksaiMh gSA ;gka Fkkus ftys dh okjyh >ksaiMh gS tks ikjEifjd nhokj fp=dkjh dk vn~Hkqr uewuk gSA blds ikl gh xksaM o ekfj;k tutkfr leqnk; dh >ksaifM;k gS tks iwohZ egkjk"Vª esa Mksdjk f'kYi ds fy, izfl) gSA blds ikl esa dquch Ñ"kd leqnk; dh >kasiMh gS tks egkjk"Vª ds Hk.Mkjk ftys dk izfrfuf/kRo djrh gSA lkroha >ksaiMh egkjk"Vª ds o/kkZ ftys dk izfrfuf/kRo djrh gSaA

6-1-4 >ksaifM+;k¡% xksok

;gka xksok lnL; jkT; dk izfrfuf/kRo djus okyh ikap >ksaifM+;ka gSA ;gka ij xksaok ds ysVsjkbV iRFkj ls cuh czkã.k >ksaiM+h ds ikl fcyksfpe xkao dh dqEgkj dh >ksaiM+h fufeZr gSA ;gka ij e.Mksoh unh fdukjs dh eNqvkjs dh >ksaiM+h gS ogha eMxkao {ks= dh vuwBh thou 'kSyh dks n'kkZus okyh bZlkbZ >ksaiM+h gSA ;gka ij nf{k.kh xksaok ds dkudksu {ks= dh Ñ"kd tutkfr leqnk; dh dqyEch >kasiM+h gSA

6-2 ikjEifjd dyk o f'kYi laxzgky;

;g laxzgky; f'kYixzke ds e/; esa fLFkr gS tks xzkeh.k o tutkrh; yksxksa dh thou 'kSyh ,oa jgu lgu dks n'kkZrk gSA e`.k laxzgky; esa feêh dh dykRed oLrq,a rFkk eq[kkSVk laxzgky; esa ikjEifjd eq[kkSVs iznf'kZr fd;s x;s gS tks ns'k ds fofHkUu {ks=ksa dh dyk 'kSfy;ksa dk izfrfuf/kRo djrs gSA dksBh laxzgky; esa fofHkUu {ks=ksa dh dykRed dksfB;ka iznf'kZr gSA budk mi;ksx if'peh Hkkjr ds fofHkUu leqnk;ksa }kjk vUu dks lqjf{kr j[kus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA ;gka ij tutkfr laxzgky; gS ftldk fuekZ.k tutkfr 'kks/k laLFkku mn;iqj }kjk fd;k x;k gSA blesa jktLFkku ds xjkfl;k Hkhy] eh.kk] lgfj;k o dFkksM+h leqnk; ds nSfud thou esa mi;ksx vkus okys midj.k Ñf"k vkStkj] os'kHkw"kk] ok| ;a= o Nk;kfp= iznf'kZr gSaA

6-3 jaxeap

;gka ij eqDrkdk'kh jaxeap gS ftls ,d igkM+h dks lh<+huqek dkVdj fyikbZ }kjk cuk;k x;k gS tgka 8000 ls vf/kd n'kZd ,d lkFk cSBdj dk;ZØe ns[k ldrs gSA f'kYixzke mRlo ds nkSjku ;gka ij lSdM+ksa dykdkj vius dk;ZØe izLrqr dj bls thoUr cuk;s j[krs gSA

6-4 ewfrZdyk ikdZ ¼LdYipj ikdZ½

f'kYixzke ds f'k[kj ij ewfrZdyk ikdZ gS] tgka vUrjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ds ewfrZ f'kYi iznf'kZr gSA f'kYixzke esa xzkeh.k ifjos'k ls ;qDr txg&txg iwtk ds nsojs cus gq;s gSA f'kYixzke fLFkr <kcs esa ikjEifjd O;tau miyC/k gSa ogha i;ZVdksa o cPpksa ds euksjatu ds fy, ÅaV lokjh] ?kqM+ lokjh ,oa >wyksa dh lqfo/kk miyC/k gSaA

iwtk izk;% ,dfyax egknso vkSj vius&vius b"Vnso dh gksrh rFkk lkeUrksa ds iqjksfgr fo".kq] f'ko] x.ks'k rFkk 'kfä;ksa ds n'kZu djkrsA lkeUr mu ij chyi= o iq"i p<+krs rFkk J)kour gksrs FksA f'kojkf= ij ,dfyaxth euksjFk eukus tkrs FksA Jko.k ekl esa lkeUr iqjksfgr ds ?kj tkrs vkSj HksaV nsrs FksA ;s egkjk.kk ds yoktek ds lax gksrs FksA uojkf= esa gosfy;ksa esa gou&iwtu ds fo'ks"k vk;kstu gksrs FksA Luku&iwtk ikB ds ckn lkeUrx.k e/;kà iwoZ Hkkstu djrsA Hkkstu vius ifjokj] lxs vkSj tukuk ds lkFk djrsA lk;a 15&20 yksxksa dk Hkkstu gksrk FkkA tc iq#"k Hkkstu dj jgs gkrss rks tukuk ugha gksrk FkkA 'kkdkgkjh vkSj ekalkgkjh nksuksa izdkj dk Hkkstu ijkslk tkrk FkkA llkeUr xyhps vkSj xknh ij cSBrs] tcfd vU; nksuksa vksj iaxr esa lQsn ikafr, ij Hkkstu djrsA Hkkstu ds le; cSBs&cSBs gh vfHkoknu dk fjokt+ FkkA Hkkstu ds pkanh ds Fkky ds uhps iyk'k ds iÙks dh ckt ^^iukoM+k** j[kuk vfuok;Z FkkA crZu pkanh ds gksrs FksA Hkkstu djus ls iwoZ Hkkstu dks nsokiZ.k dj ^^milku** ds le; djekU=h eU=kspkj.k djrkA rn~ijkUr xaxkty ls vkpeu ds mijkUr Hkkstu izkjaHk gksrkA tks ljnkj Hkkstu ugha djrs mUgsa Fkky esa ls ijlknh nh tkrh FkhA Hkkstu 'kkdkgkjh vkSj ekalkgkjh nksuksa izdkj dk gksrk FkkA nks&rhu izdkj ds ekal] eksVh ?k`r ;qä] vk/kh ?kh&;qä] pqiM+h vkSj fcuk pqiM+h jksVh gksrh FkhA is;ty ds fy, vuqpj jgrk FkkA ik=ksa ij uke [kqnk jgrk FkkA Hkkstu ds mijkUr rkEcwy dk lsou fd;k tkrk FkkA

efgykvksa dh iks"kkd esa eq[; :i ls xksVk&fdukjh dh dkapyh] ?kk?kjk vkSj vks<+uh iguh tkrh FkhA lkfM+;ksa esa dkyk ysgffj;k] ysgfj;k pwanM+h] Qkxf.k;k] jktk'kkgh ysgfj;k izpfyr FksA fL=;ksa ds vkHkw"k.kksa esa flj ekax ij cksj&j[kM+h] dkuksa esa d.kZ Qwy] d.kZ dqyqtk] efPN;k] ihiyirjk] ,fjax] ukd esa uFk rFkk dkaVk] xys esa vusd izdkj ds gkj] daBh] iUuk tfVr fref.k;k] rqylh] daBljh] daBekyk] pUnzgkj] gkFkksa ds cktwcan] gFkQwy] pkanh&lksuk ds dM+s] pwfM+;ka] Mads dh pwfM+;ka] ?kqa?kfj;ksa dh pwfM+;ka] igqafp;s] dkad.k] HkqtcUn] Vhisa] yk[k vkSj gkFkh nkar dh pwfM+;ka] vaxwBh] dUnkSjk] ik;y] ?kqa?kj] >ka>fj;k] rksfM+;k] yaxj] fcNqfM+;ka rFkk tksM+ gksrh FkhA izlk/ku esa Luku gsrq mcVu rFkk b= dk iz;ksx FkkA efgyk,a niZ.k] daxk] [kq'kcwnkj rsy] b= ghuk] yosaMj o xqykc vkfn iz;ksx esa ysrh FkhA dsoM+k lsoa=h] [k] eksxjk vkSj eksrh ds b= izpfyr FksA

ckxksj dh gosyhA egt ,d gosyh ugha cfYd esokM+h laLd`fr] xkSjo'kkyh bfrgkl] dyk&dkS'ky] tuthou] lkeUrh jgu&lgu] 'kku&'kkSdr dk izrhd gSA ;g gosyh rRdkyhu okLrqf'kYi dk vizfre Hkjks[kk gS] ftlesa ml dky[kaM dh fojklr fo'okl rFkk :fp;kas ds fnXn'kZu gksrs gSaA fo'o fo[;kr fiNksyk >hy ds fdukjs igkM+h ds fupys Nksj ij lh<+huqek 'kSyh esa fufeZr rhu efUtyh bl gosyh esa lqUnj dkWp dh uDdk'kh] [kwclwjr iPphdkjh ,oa fp=dkjh mn;iqj ds jktizklkn tSls f'kYi lkSUn;Z dk ;gka izfrfuf/kRo fn[kykbZ iM+rk gSA

x.kxkSj ?kkV ij foLr`r bl rhu efUtyh gosyh esa lqUnj dkWp dh uDdk'kh] [kwclwjr fp=dkjh] iPphdkjh ,oa jktizklkn 'kSyh ds f'kYi lkSUn;Z ds fnXxn'kZu lSykfu;ksa ds vkd"kZ.k rks gSa gh] lkFk gh bUgsa izfrfnu lkaLd`frd dsUnz }kjk lapkfyr lkaLd`frd vk;kstu ^/kjksgj* ds ek/;e ls yksd laLd`fr ds vusd vk;keksa ds lkFk :c: djk;k tkrk gSA ftl gosyh esa igys eU=.kk;sa gksrh Fkh] ikfjokfjd jkl jax] rht&R;ksgkj] x.kxkSj ds mRlo gksrs] gkFkh dh fpaxkM+ vkSj ?kksM+ksa dh fgufgukV Fkh vc gj fnu ;gka yksdu`R; vkSj laxhr] fj;klrh jgu&lgu vkSj gosyh tuthou ij laxzgky; ftlesa laxhr ,oa f'k{kk d{k] cSBd] jlksM+k] ijs.Mk] ekthlk dk dejk] iwtk d{k] Lukukxkj] J`axkj d{k] x.kxkSj d{k] vkeksn&izeksn d{k] 'k;u d{k vkfn gSa] ogha dsUnz dh vU; xfrfof/k;ksa esa dBiqryh d{k] iqLrdky;] fp= chFkh] fp=dkjksa ds fy, xzkfQd xfrfof/k;ka vck/k jgrh gSA QOokjk pkSd vkSj rqylh pkSd tks dHkh jktlh yksxksa ds euksjatu vkSj okrkZyki ds LFky Fks] vc ogka fur jkst yksdxhr ,oa u`R;ksa ls 'kke ltrh gS vkSj lSykfu;ksa dks Hkkjrh; laLd`fr ds lgt n'kZu gksrs gSaA blds vfrfjä ;gka le; le; ij dk;Z'kkyk,a] laxksf"B;ka rFkk izf'k{k.k f'kfoj vk;ksftr gksrs gSaA

esokM+ ds ikjEifjd mÙkjkf/kdkj fu;e ds vuqlkj egkjk.kk dh fu%laUrku e`R;q gksus ij muds NksVs HkkbZ dh xíhu'khuh dh tkrh FkhA rn~uqlkj HkhyokM+k ds fudV ckxksj ds egkjkt ukFkflag ,oa mlds oa'ktksa dk esokM+ dh xíh ds vf/kdkjh ds :i esa 19oha 'krkCnh ds vUr rd egRo cuk jgkA egkjk.kk tokuflag ¼1828&1838½ dh fu%larku e`R;q ds i'pkr esokM+ dh xíh ij egkjk.kk ljnkjflag ¼1838&1842½] egkjk.kk Lo:iflag ¼1842&1861½] egkjk.kk 'kaHkwflag ¼1861&1874½ rFkk egkjk.kk lTtuflag ¼1874&1884½ ckxksj fBdkus ls xksn fy;s x;sA

egkjk.kk ukFkflag us esokM+ dh xíh ij fcBkus ds fy;s egkjk.kk vfjflag ¼1761&1773½ ij ncko Mkyk] lqyg gksus ij egkjk.kk us ckxksj egkjkt dks nsckjh ds }kj rd egkjk.kk ds yoktesa esa jkT;fpUg j[kus dh vuqefr nh rFkk Hkfo"; esa ckxksj fBdkus dk iêk de u djus dk opu fn;k] ftlds vuqlkj ckxksj fBdkus ds vfUre ljnkj 'kfäflag ds thou dky rd ckxksj dh tkxhj de u gqbZA 1764 bZ- esa egkjktk ukFkflag dh ckxksj esa e`R;q ds ckn mlds mÙkjkf/kdkjh Øe'k% egkjktk Hkheflag] egkjktk f'knkuflag] egkjktk 'ksjflag] egkjktk 'kaHkwflag] egkjktk leFkZflag] egkjktk lksguflag rFkk egkjktk 'kfäflag ckxksj dh gosyh ls lEc) jgsA

ckxksj egkjktk f'konkuflag rFkk duZy MkWM vfHkUu fe= FksA nksuksa ,d nwljs ds izfr Lusg ,oa HkkbZpkjk j[krs FksA duZy VkWM ds vuqlkj f'konkuflag dk lkfgR;] bfrgkl] laxhr&u`R; ds izfr vuqjkx FkkA laxhr 'kkL= ds vUrxZr Loj ,oa ok| ds fl)kUrksa dh mUgsa vPNh tkudkjh FkhA Loj laxhr dh jkxksa ds Hksn rFkk izR;sd jkx dh Ng jkxfu;ksa dh O;k[;k og cM+h fuiq.krk ls djrs FksA esokM+ ds vPNs xkus okys L=h&iq#"k mlds vkJ; esa jgrs Fks ftUgsa f'konkuflag dHkh&dHkh duZy VkWM dks lquokrs FksA bu dykdkjksa esa ,d eq[; xkus okyh L=h dk Loj Å¡pk Fkk] tks clar jkx o es?kjkx cM+h [kwch ds lkFk xkrh FkhA mTtSu dh ,d xkf;dk mldh izeq[k izfr}Unh FkhA bl izdkj dh laxhr xks"Bh dk vk;kstu izk;% xzh"e _rq dh pkanuh esa jkr esa fcNs gq, xyhpksa ij gksrk] tc nksigj dh izp.M /kwi ds rius ls 'kjhj dks fiNksyk >hy ls Vdjkrh gok;sa jkgr iznku djrh rFkk J`xkaj jl o ohj jl ls ;qä laxhr Jksrkvksa dks mUer dj nsrkA

egkjk.kk 'kaHkwflag dh gR;k ds "kM+;U= ds vkjksi esa egkjktk lksguflag dks mn;iqj 'kgj NksM+ dj pys tkus dk vkns'k gqvkA rn~uqlkj lksguflag vkgM+ xzke fLFkr ckxksj fBdkus ds dq'kyckx esa tkdj jgus yxsA egkjk.kk 'kaHkwflag dh e`R;q ds ckn 'kfäflag ¼lksguflag dk cM+k HkkbZ½ ds iq= lTtuflag dk esokM+ dh xíh ij jkT;kjksg.k gqvkA ml le; lksguflag us esokM+ dh xíh ij viuk vf/kdkj crkrs gq, egkjk.kk us mls rqjUr ckxksj pys tkus dk vkns'k fn;k rFkk esokM+ Hkhy dksj dh lsuk Hkstdj mls ckxksj ls cukjl Hkst fn;kA blds lkFk gh lksguflag ls ckxksj dk LokfeRo Hkh ys fy;k x;kA egkjk.kk lTtuflag ds firk 'kfäflag bl le; HkfV;kuh pkSgêk fLFkr csekyh gosyh esa jgrs FksA mUgsa 65 #- okf"kZd HkÙks ds lkFk ckxksj dh gosyh esa jgus dh vuqefr izkIr gqbZA lksguflag }kjk fudV Hkfo"; esa ckxksj rFkk esokM+ dh xíh ij nkok u djus dk vuqca/k fy[ks tkus ij mls mn;iqj cqyk;k x;k rFkk 'kgj ds ckgj rSfy;ksa dh ljk; ¼orZeku Hkwiky ukscYl dkWyst½ esa jgus fn;kA egkjktk 'kfäflag us ckxksj dh gosyh esa fuokl ds nkSjku f=iksy;k ij u;s egy dk fuekZ.k djok;k ftldk 1878 bZ- esa fof/kor~ eqgqrZ gqvkA 1880 esa egkjk.kk lTtuflag ckxksj dh gosyh x;s vkSj ljnkjksa dh mifLFkr esa vius firk 'kfäflag dks ckxksj dk iêk iznku dj mUgsa ckxksj dk Lokeh ?kksf"kr fd;k x;kA egkjkt 'kfäflag ds nwljk iq= u gksus dh fLFkfr esa mudh e`R;q ds ckn egkjk.kk Qrgflag ¼1884&1930 bZ-½ ds dky esa ckxksj gosyh rFkk ckxksj fBdkuk esokM+ jkT; ds v/khu [kkylk dj fy;s x;sA rRi'pkr egkjk.kk Hkwikyflag us ¼1930&1955½ esa bl gosyh th.kksZ}kj djok dj bls jkT; dk rhljh Js.kh dk ns'kh lRdkjky; ¼bf.M;u xsLV gkml½ cuk;k] tgka vU; jkT;ksa ls vk;s gq, ns'kh esgeku Bgjk;s tkrs FksA esokM+ ds izfl) [;kr ,oa oa'kkofy;ksa ds ys[kd cM+ok nsonku ds oa'kt gfjjke ,oa jkenku 1930 bZ- esa egkjk.kk dks viuh iksFkh lqukus vk;s] ftUgsa ckxksj gosyh ds lRdkjky; esa Bgjk;k x;kA ml volj ij egkjk.kk us mUgsa gkFkh] ?kksM+ksa] eksfr;ksa dh ekyk] Lo.kZ vkHkw"k.k] fljksiko ,oa 500 #i;s nku esa nsdj gkFk ij fcBk dj ckxksj gosyh rd fonk fd;kA

bl gosyh dk fuek.kZ jk.kk lTtu flag ds dk;Zdky foØe laor~ 1671 esa gqvkA vejflag cM+ok rc esokM+ 'kklu ds iz/kku ea=h FksA os blh Hkou esa jgrs FksA vejflag cM+ok fu%laUrku gksus ls mudh e`R;q ds mijkUr ;g gosyh ckxksj ds fBdkus dks ns nh xbZA gosyh esa f=iksfy;k }kj ds Åij egkjk.kk lTtu flag ds firk 'kfäflag us dPN egy 1878 esa fufeZr djk;kA dkWp dh 'kkunkj dkjhxjh dk ;g fgLlk cgqr lqUnj vkSj [kwclwjr gSA laxejejh izklkn ds njoktksa] >jks[kksa] rkdksa esa iPphdkjh dk dke o dkWp ds csycwVs] Qwy vkSj xqynkojh dh drkjsa] if{k;ksa dh vkd`fr;ka vkfn dk eueksgd dk;Z vkt Hkh oSlh gh uk;kc >yd fy;s gq, gSA dkWp dh bl dkjhxjh esa futZu ou esas Mksyrs gkFkh dh rLohjsa Ådsjh xbZ gSaA ckgj nksuksa >jks[kksa esa dkWp ds u;ukfHkjke eksj cus gq, gSaA blh dkWp dh dkjhfxjh vkSj izkd`frd lkSUn;Z ds dkj.k bl gosyh dks lnk ls izflf) feyrh jgh gSA gosyh esa jaxhu dkWp ds 'kh'kksa ds tfj, dejksa esa vkrh /kwi ,oa izdk'k dk utkjk ,d vyx gh izdkj ds vkuUn dh vuqHkwfr nsrk gSA rhoz xehZ vkSj /kwi esa Hkh dkWp ds izHkko ls >hy dk 'khry euksje n`'; eu dks Nw ysrk gSA ;gha ugha lewph >hy dk izfrfcEc bl gosyh ij iM+rk gS rks gosyh dh [kwclwjrh esa pkj pkan yx tkrs gSaA

fiNksyk dh vksj [kqys >jks[ks] mlesa ls >kadrh cjcl fuxkgsa] esgjkcnkj xqEcn vkSj esokM+h okLrqdyk ds xks[kM+ksa esa cSBs yksx] fugkjrs n`';] ;gka ij vk;ksftr gksus okys mRlo] R;ksgkj vkSj lekjksg ij ijLij dk gsy&esy vkSj lewps ijEijkxr ifjn`'; o BkB&ckV dks u;uksa esa lesVrs jtokM+h L=h&iq#"kksa dh ;g n`';koyh lgt gh vka[kksa ds lkeus mrj tkrh gSA ;gh ugha lnhZ esa xje vkSj xfeZ;ksa esa B.Ms jgus okys bu jktizklknksa esa enkZus pkSd&pkSckjs] ?kqM+lky] gkFkhBk.k] Åij&uhps cuh frckfj;ka] uhe ds o`{k] rqylh pkSjk] esgjkcnkj LrEHk] Luku ?kj] J`xkaj&d{k] 'k;u d{k vkSj mudh fLFkfr mlds dkyØe esa mudh jguh&lguh dh [kqyh iqLrd gSA gosyh dk eq[; }kj esokM+h jktizklkn ds njoktksa dh gh rtZ ij cM+s gh lqUnj <ax ls cuk gqvk gS] ftldh 'kksHkk vius vki ns[krs gh curh gSA bl gosyh dh Nr ls mn;iqj ds izfl) egy lTtux<+] fiNksyk esa fLFkr txfuokl] txefUnj] uVuh dk pkSjk] >hy ds bZnZ&fxnZ efUnjksa dh foLr`r J`a[kyk vkSj uxj ds ,d fgLls dh clkoV lgt vka[kksa esa lek tkrh gSA 'kjn iwf.kZek ds fnu ckxksj dh gosyh dk izfrfcan ,d vyx gh vkHkk;qä yxrk gSA

bl gosyh esa Hkh vkus tkus ds vusd ladM+s&ladM+s jkLrs gSa vkSj NksVs&NksV njoktksa okys izos'k }kj ftudk egRo lqj{kk dh n`f"V ls gqvk djrk Fkk rkfd dksbZ vpkud ihNs ls ryokj mBk dj u ekj nsA ;gh O;oLFkk egkjk.kkvksa ds jktizklknksa esa Hkh gSA ;gh ugha izR;sd vkarfjd egy ls ckgj vkus tkus ds jkLrs vyx&vyx ,oa vusd lh<+h ekxZ gSaA

iks"kkd] oL= ,oa vkHkw"k.k %

2- js'keh tjh ds oL= 2- tjh&cwVksa ds dk;Z dh 3- oL=ksa esa iNsoM+h

4- nxkyh 5- nksf/k;k 6- Mks<+h

7- nksoM+ 8- dkuksa 9- tkek

10 ckxk 11- tXxk 12- xwnM+h

13- [ksl 14- 'kky 15- ikeM+h

16- nksoM+rk 17- pk[kkM+rk 18- vej'kkgh ixM+h

19- vjlh'kkgh ixM+h 20- mn;'kkgh ixM+h 21- c[kjek ixM+h

22- pw.Mkor'kkgh ixM+h&lywEcj 23- tloUr'kkghixM+h nsox<+ 24- ekaMi'kkgh ixM+h&dkuksM+

25- jkBkSM+h ixM+h cnuksj 26- eku'kkgh ixM+h&HkSaljksM+x< +27- gehj'kkgh ixM+h cusM+k

28- ygfj;k ixM+h&rht 29- e>t NikbZ dh lyek flrkjs dh ixM+h&n'kgjk

30- ihyh&lQsn ixM+h gksyh 31- dslfj;k&clUr iapeh 32- gjh dlqey&o"kkZ _rq

33- dqlqech & lfnZ;ksa esa 34- dslfj;k xfeZ;ksa esa 35- fljksiko ij cka/kus ds

36- lqugjs #igjs rqjsZ 37- ljisp 39- ckykcanh

40- MqxMqxh 41- xkslisp 42- yVdu

43- QÙkgisp 44- Nksxk 45- dyaxh

46- vkeyh] 47- Nkonkj ¼ixM+h cka/kus okyk½]

48- :eky&xys esa 49- pwM+hnkj ik;tkek] 50- /kksrh]

51- nqIiêk] 52- e[keyh twfr;ka] 53- dslfj;k ckuk]

vkHkw"k.k %

2- 'kh"kQwy 2- j[kM+h 3- cksj ghjk dk tM+kÅ

4- Bhdfj;k Vhdk 5- d.kZQwy 6- ihiy i=

7- Qwy >wedk vkxksyk 8- uFk] 9- >wedk

10- dkaVk 11- oyuh 12- ckjh&ekSatw

13- nkarksa esa lksus dh pksais 14- gkjikV 15- daBh

16- uheksM+h 17- Fkef.k;k 18-rqylh

19- rqLlh 20- tqxkoyh 21- tksdh

22-daBlkjh 23- daBekyk 24- ekf.kD; ekyk

25- eksrh ekyk 26- ekanfy;k 27 pUnzgkj

28- galgkj 29- xqtekyk 30- tkyjk

31- cktwcan 32-v.kr 33- xwxjh

34- xksxjh 35 ikV dêk 36- dad.k&yaxj

37- xksxjh 38- xtjk 39- pwM+h Hkqtk ls ysdj dybZ rd ds tsoj] 40- iwapk&gFkiku 41- chaVh 42- ewanM+h

43- nke.kk 44- vaxwBh 45- ik;y

46- ik;tsc 47- uqiqj 49- >ka>fj;k

50- usojh 51- vkaoyk 52- yaxj

53- tksM+ 54- dM+k 55- ixiku

56- rksM+k 57- vaxwBk dk vuksr 58- fcfN;k

59- Qksyjk 60- Qksyjh 61- vuoV

62- NYyk ¼xgus lksus ds dherh iRFkj o eksfr;ksa ls tM+s½

izeksn ds lk/ku

2- ?kqM+lokjh 2- i'kqvksa ds ;q) 3-ukSdk fogkj

5- vka[k fepkSuh 5- pkSiM+ 6- xathQk

8- 'krjat 8- rksrk&eksj 9- fpfM+;k

11- eSuk 11- dcwrj 12- iky f'kdkj

14- cg:fi;ksa dks 'kj.k 14- jkl vk;kstu 15- laxhr

17- u`R; 17- ?kwej 18- xojh

20- Qwanh] 20- ?ksjk u`R;

ok|

2- xtj 2- nekek 3- ?kM+iky

5- nqanqfHk 6- 'kgukbZ 6- j.kdsd.k

8- uxkM+s 8- rqjgh 9- oh.kk

11- <+ksy 11-flrkj 12- rUnqjk

14- fla?kk&Hkksik 14- ckalqjh 15- lkjaxh

[kku&iku

2- jksVh 2- iwM+h 3- ?ksoj

5- yìw 5- tysch 6- eBM+h

8- cslu ds yìw 8- Qh.kh 9- [kktk

11- lhjk 11- 'kDdj dh jksVh 12- nw/k dh jksVh]

14- lsao 14- lso ds yìw 15- mM+n eqjdh

17- ykIlh 17- pkoy 18- dsllfj;ka Hkkar

20- [ksjk 20- cM+h 21-ikiM+h

23- ikiM+h 23- ikiM+ 24- [khpM+h

26- ehBk [khp 26- xawtk 27- [kqjek

29- ekyiqvk 29- [khj 30- eqjCck

32- vkpkj 32- ngh 33-idokuksa esa byk;ph

35- ykSax 35- cknke 36- nk:

38- [kksijk fxjh 38- xwan 39- fpjkSath

41- fla?kkM+k 41- feJh 42- xqykc dk lr

44- cM+cksj 44- lsao 45- vaxwj

47- uk'kifÙk 47- vukj 48- [kjcwtk

50- ve:n 50- lhrkQy 51 nw/k&ngh&NkN

53- iNkoj 53- vQhe 54- dalwck

56- vk'kks 56- xqykc 57- dslj

59- rEek[kw] 59- gqDdk 60- chM+h

60- ckxksj HkhyokM+k ftys ds ek.My ds fudV ,d xkao gS ftldk esokM+ ds bfrgkl esa cM+k egRo gSA esokM+ ds 'kklu ij tc dksbZ egkjk.kk fu%larku fnoaxr gks tkrs rks ckxksj fBdkus ds jktdqekj esokM+ dh xíh ds gd+nkj FksA esokM+ egkjk.kk ds HkkbZ;ksa ds rhu fBdkus FksA igyk ckxksj] nwljk f'kojrh ,oa rhljk djtkyhA ckxksj lcls cM+s HkkbZ dk fBdkuk gksus ls jkT;xíh ij ;gha ls jktdqekj tkrs FksA ;g fBdkuk Hkh tc lUrku foghu gks x;k rks f'kojrh vkSj djtkyh fBdkuksa dks gd izkIr gqvkA bl izdkj ckxksj fBdkus dk cM+k egRo jgk vkSj ;g gosyh fBdkus ds uke ls gh tkuh tkrh gSA bl gosyh esa fuokl djus okys lkeUr esokM+ egkjk.kkvksa ds leku gh jgrs vkSj muds leku gh jgu&lgu rFkk [kkuiku FkkA ;g gosyh esokM+h 'kklu O;oLFkk dk ,d cM+k fgLlk FkhA egkjk.kk lTtuflag dk vius dkdk 'kfäflag ij jkT; gM+ius dk lUnsg gqvk rks mUgsa fgjklr esa Mky fn;k tgka 'kfäflag dh e`R;q gks xbZaA muds dksbZ lUrku ugha Fkh vkSj ckxksj dh gosyh [kkylk djnh xbZA vktknh ds mijkUr ;g jkT; ljdkj ds v/khu vkbZA 1986 esa bls if'pe {ks= lkaLd`frd dsUnz dks lkSik x;kA gosyh esa ejEer ,oa lq/kkj djok dj bls fujUrj mi;ksx yk;d cuk;k x;kA 'kuS% 'kuS% blesa yxkrkj t#jr ds vuqlkj lq/kkj gks jgk gS vkSj ;g gosyh i;ZVdksa ds fy, [kksy nh xbZ gS vkSj ifjlj ds ,d cM+s fgLls esa esokM+h BkB&ckV] jgu&lgu ,oa xfrfof/k;ksa dk izfrfuf/kRo djrk laxzgky; cuk fn;k x;k gSA ck.kukFk pkSd esa izfrfnu ^^/kjksgj** uke ls jktLFkkuh dyk vkSj laLd`fr ls vkiwfjr lkaLd`frd xhr ,oa u`R; la/;k vk;ksftr gksrh gSA

61- gosyh ds bZnZ&fxnZ ,oa fiNksyk ds ?kkVksa ij vusd efUnj gSaA dqN efUnj izkphu rks dqN le;≤ ij fufeZr gq,A lqcg&'kke ;gka ?kaVk ukan ,oa iwtk&vpZuk gksrh gSA ckxksj dh gosyh ls gh lVk gqvk ,d f=iksfy;k njoktk tks jktuxj ds lQsn laxejej ls cuk lqUnj dkWp dh uDdk'kh vkSj fp=dkjh ;qä gSA bldk fuekZ.k vejpan cM+ok us djok;kA ;gha tks x.kxksj ?kkV gS ;gka rRdkyhu jk.kkvksa dh jkT; laLd`fr ls yxk dj vkt rd ;g R;ksgkj blh ?kkV ij euk;k tkrk gSA lc dqN oSlk gh cl jktlh BkB&ckV vkSj oSlh jkSud vc ughaA lewpk mRlo orZeku lkekftd ,oa /kkfeZd ifjos'k esa gksrk gSA ;gha ls x.kxksj dh lokjh fudyrh gSA jk.kkvksa ds dky ds mRlo vkSj lokjh dh ckr gh U;kjh FkhA rc jk.kkth gkFkh ij lokj gks dj jktlh lHkklnksa o lkeUrksa ds lkFk mifLFkr gksrs FksA iwjk ?kkV xkts&ckts] lekjksg dh eueksgd ltkoV] jax&fcjaxs ifj/kku esa lth x.kxksj ,oa efgykvksa&iq#"kksa dh ekStwnxh ls okrkoj.k ljkcksj jgrk FkkA

62- jk.kk vkSj lkeUr lHkh lknxh Hkjh thou thrs Fks] fn[kkos vkSj ,s'kks&vkjke dh ftUnxh ls ijs FksA esokM+ lnk gh ;q) esa layXu jgk ijUrq tc 'kkfUr dky vk;k rks vo'; BkB&ckV esa fdafpr c<+ksrjh ns[kh xbZA mlh vuqikr esa lkeUrka vkSj gosyh ds lHkklnksa ds thou esa Hkh FkksM+k vUrj vo'; ns[kus dks feykA vU; lkeUrksa gh ds leku bl gosyh ds lkeUr Hkh vius jk.kk ds vku&cku&'kku vkSj e;kZnk ds fy, lnk m|Ùk jgrs FksA tc dHkh egkjk.kk gosyh esa vkrs rks lkeUr lnk gh njh[kkus esa uhps gh cSBrs FksA dqflZ;ka vkSj lksQs ugha gksrs FksA njh[kkus esa njh vksj Åij cM+k xík rFkk e[keyh pknj gksrk FkkA ihNs eksMk vkSj lkbZM esa xksy rfd, gksrs FksA jk.kkth ;gka vkdj lkeUrksa dh vksj ifjokj dh dq'ky{kse iwNrs FksA lkeUr vR;Ur lfg".kq vkSj lknxh thou thus okys gqvk djrs FksA gosyh esa izkr%dky mBrs gh cgqvksa dks lkl ds ikl iSj Nwus] ixs ykxus tkuk gksrk FkkA budh igyh lUrku dk fookg Lo;a jk.kkth djokrs FksA igyh 'kknh dk [kpZ vkSj cUnkscLr egyksa ls gksrk FkkA xgus&diM+s&yÙks egyksa ls vkrs FksA fj'rk Hkh jk.kkth dh lgefr ls gksrk FkkA 'ks"k iq=&iqf=;ksa dk fookg lkeUrksa ds vius [kpZ ls gksrk Fkk ijUrq oj fudklh egyksa ls gksrh FkhA igyh laUrku dk ukedj.k Lo;a njckj djrs FksA Jk) i{k ds vykok efgyk,a xksVk&fdukjh ds oL= igurh FkhA gosyh esa pkanh ds >wys vkSj crZu gksrs FksA Luku ?kj esa dM+s okyh dksfB;ka] xaxktyh vkSj ykSBk gksrk FkkA uk;uth Luku djkrh FkhA iq#"k xM+ck ysdj [kM+k jgrk FkkA /kk;ckbZ cky&cPpksa dks iky&iksl dj cM+k djrh FkhA gosyh ds ck.kukFkth vkSj ihrkEdcjth efUnj esa lkykuk o"kZ xkaB] cPpksa ds tUe fnol ij fo'ks"k vuq"Bku vkSj mRlo gksrs FksA gosyh esa jk.kkth dh jhfr&fjokt okyh gh ixfM+;ka ckU/kuh gksrh Fkh vkSj mlh vuqØe esa njh[kkus gksrs FksA gosyh esa Hkh jaxegy ds gh jLe&fjokt FksA gosfy;ksa ds xks[kM+ksa esa fuekZ.k rduhd Hkh ogh lekurk gksrh Fkh] ijUrq fdlh Hkh gosyh esa jk.kkth ds egyksa dh cjkcjh ugha dh tkrh FkhA xks[kM+ksa ds uhps jaxhu jsts dh t+ktesa fcNrh FkhA xknh&eksMksa ij js'keh&e[key ds o dyi fd, gq, doj yxk, tkrs FksA insZ >jefj;ksa okys gksrs FksA jaxhu dkWp okyk egy 'kh'k egy o dp egy dgykrk FkkA gosfy;ksa esa ihry ds gqDds] Nr ij jaxhu gkafM;ka] eksecÙkh j[kus dk ykyVsu dk pkSjgk] nhid&nhoM+] ltkoVh f[kykSus] gkFkh&nkar dh oLrq,a] ihatjs] i{kh] :bZ ds insZ dbZ fMtk;uksa ds gksrs FksA tukuk egy dks ^jkoyk* cksyrs FksA iyax tks pkanh ds ik;ksa dk gksrk Fkk mls ^lkaxoks* dgrs Fks vkSj ml ij fuokj jgrh FkhA fuokj ij doj jgrkA cM+k fcLrj o xyhpk fcNk jgrk FkkA iyax ij 4&6 rfd, jgrs FksA xky rfd, Hkh gksrsA gkFk rfd, vyx ls jgrs FksA iyax ds Lyksi gksrs ftls ^iM+ik;k* dgrs gSaA iyax ds pknj dks otuh 'ksj ls ca/kk j[krs rkfd pknj b/kj&m/kj f[klds ughaA lkeku j[kus dh isfV;ksa dks eatw"k dgrsA bu ij lqUnj diM+k yxk jgrk FkkA ,d iks"kkd dh vksojh gksrh FkhA Hk.Mkj esa ?kjsyw lkeku gksrsA xgus j[kus ds fy, pkanh ds Mcwls jgrsA 'kjkc ihus ds I;kys] pqf'fd;ka pkanh ds gksrs FksA gosfy;ksa esa gkFkh Bk.k o ?kqM+lky gksrs FksA lewph gosyh esa jkSud jgrh Fkh vkSj egyksa lh xfrfof/k;ka lapkfyr gksrh FkhA

63- vf/kdka'k ljnkj izkr% lw;ksZan; ds le; mBrs FksA mBdj b"Vnso ds n'kZu djrsA 'kkSp vkfn ls fufo`r gks feêh ls ckjg ckj gkFk i{kkyu djrsA pk; dk izpyu ugha FkkA Luku cktksV ij cSB dj ?kM+ ls ykSBs }kjk gksrk FkkA lkcwu dk iz;ksx ugha FkkA Luku ds var esa ?kM+s ds ikuh esa tjk xaxkty feyk;k djrs Fks vkSj vfUre Luku xaxkty ls djrs FksA Luku ds le; da/ks ij ,d oL= jgrk FkkA cM+s lkeUrksa ds ;gka djekUrjh xaxkygjh ds lLoj ikB djrs FksA 'kjhj ikSaNus ds fy, yack oL= ^Mhy iwaNf.k;ks* rksfy;k gksrk FkkA Luku ls iwoZ {kkSj deZ gksrk FkkA vLoLFkk ds nkSjku Luku ugha gksrk FkkA pUnzxzg.k vkSj lw;Zxzg.k ds i'pkr Luku vfuok;Z FkkA izk;% Luku can dejs esa gksrk Fkk ij dHkh [kqys esa HkhA Luku ds le; iqjksfgr flj vkSj /kM+ rd gkFk yxk ldrs Fks ijUrq ukbZ vkfn uhps ds vaxksa dks ikSaNrs FksA Luku ls iwoZ ekfy'k djrs vkSj oftZ'k] igyokuh Hkh djrs FksA jk.kkth ds cqykos ij igyokuh egyksa esa gksrh vU;Fkk dgha ckgj gksrhA v[kkM+s dh O;oLFkk gosfy;ksa esa izk;% ugha gksrh FkhA Luku ds mijkUr eyey dk dqrkZ] eyey dh cxyc.Mh] lQsn /kksrh] flj ij vaxksNk] xys esa #nzk{k] dh ekyk igurs FksA oL= iguus ds i'pkr lkeUr yksx iwtk esa cSBrs vkSj djekU=h fof/k fo/kku ls iwtk djkrk FkkA Lo;a lkeUr lkFk&lkFk eU=kspkj.k djrsA ekyk ti pyrk vkSj izkr% iwtk ds i'pkr dFkk 'kq# gksrhA dFkk okpu Hkê&esokM+k czkã.k djrs FksA bl le; lkeUrx.k lifjokj mifLFkr jgrs FksA tukuk insZ esa cSBrs FksA iwtk&ikB ds fy, lsod jgrk FkkA efUnj esa lnk Hkkx p<+rk FkkA iwtk ds mijkUr if{k;ksa dks /kku Mkyk tkrk FkA czkã.k dks frl ls Hkjk dVksjk nku gksrk FkkA

64-

65- iwtk izk;% ,dfyax egknso rFkk vius&vius b"Vnso dh gksrh vkSj lkeUrksa ds iqjksfgr fo".kq] f'ko] x.ks'k rFkk 'kfä;ksa ds n'kZu djkrsA lkeUr muij chyi= o iq"i p<+krs rFkk J)kour gksrs FksA f'kojkf= ij ,dfyaxth euksjFk eukus tkrs FksA Jko.k ekl esa lkeUr iqjksfgr ds ?kj tkrs vkSj HksaV nsrs FksA ;s egkjk.kk ds yoktek ds lax gksrs FksA uojkf= esa gosfy;ksa esa gou&iwtu ds fo'ks"k vk;kstu gksrs FksA

66- Luku&iwtk ikB ds ckn lkeUrx.k e/;kà iwoZ Hkkstu djrsA Hkkstu vius ifjokj] lxs vkSj tukuk ds lkFk djrsA lk;a 15&20 yksxksa dk Hkkstu gksrk FkkA tc iq#"k Hkkstu dj jgs gkrss rks tukuk ugha gksrk FkkA 'kkdkgkjh vkSj ekalkgkjh nksuksa izdkj dk Hkkstu ijkslk tkrk FkkA llkeUr xyhps vkSj xknh ij cSBrs] tcfd vU; nksuksa vksj iaxr esa lQsn ikafr, ij Hkkstu djrsA Hkkstu ds le; cSBs&cSBs gh vfHkoknu dk fjokt+ FkkA Hkkstu ds pkanh ds Fkky ds uhps iyk'k ds iÙks dh ckt ^^iukoM+k** j[kuk vfuok;Z FkkA crZu pkanh ds gksrs FksA Hkkstu djus ls iwoZ Hkkstu dks nsokiZ.k dj ^^milku** ds le; djekU=h eU=kspkj.k djrkA rn~ijkUr xaxkty ls vkpeu ds mijkUr Hkkstu izkjaHk gksrkA tks ljnkj Hkkstu ugha djrs mUgsa Fkky esa ls ijlknh nh tkrh FkhA Hkkstu 'kkdkgkjh vkSj ekalkgkjh nksuksa izdkj dk gksrk FkkA nks&rhu izdkj ds ekal] eksVh ?k`r ;qä] vk/kh ?kh&;qä] pqiM+h vkSj fcuk pqiM+h jksVh gksrh FkhA is;ty ds fy, vuqpj jgrk FkkA ik=ksa ij uke [kqnk jgrk FkkA Hkkstu ds mijkUr rkEcwy dk lsou fd;k tkrk FkkA

67- HkksT; lkexzh esa ^^lks;rk** iqyko] jksVh] pkoy&nky] puk] mM+n] ewax] rqvj dh nkysa] esokM+ dh izpfyr feBkbZ;ka] yìw] tysch] Qh.kh] ?ksoj] [kktk] lhjk] ykIlh rFkk ekSleh lfCt;ka vkfn gksrh FkhA Hkkstu ds ckn vkjke vkSj fQj egyksa esa tkuk gksrk FkkA e|iku dk izpyu Fkk vkSj lkeUr vius oxZ ds lkeUrksa] fBdkusnkjksa ds lkFk vFkok vius tukus ds lkFk e|iku djrs FksA e| esa vklks] xqykc] nqckjk vkfn e| is; gksrs FksA ihus ds crZuksa esa nk:pq'dh] I;kyk o fxykl vkfn jgrs FksA 'kjkc ds lkFk ^^[kkjcw>.kk** [kk|ksa esa lwyk] Qklyk] fVfd;k] lekslk] fi'rk] dktw vkSj cknke vkfn ijksls tkrs FksA jkf= Hkkstu tukuk ds lkFk gh pyrk FkkA lkeUrksa dh efgyk;sa Hkh e|iku djrh FkhA HkkstuksijkUr gLr iz{kkyu ds fy, ,d ^^,d enkZfu;ka** ukbZ gkFk esa x<+ok fy, gksrk tks ^^ikys** crZu esa i{kkyu djkrk FkkA

68- ;wa lkeUrksa ds vkgkj esa bu pht+ksa ds vykok Qh.kh] ?ksoj] lldqyh] vejl] dkyh jksVh] eBM+h] tysch] 'kDdj dh jksVh] nw/k dh jksVh] dslfj;k Hkkar f[kpM+h] xwatk] [kqjek] [khj] eqjCck] ehBk [khp] ikiM+] ikiM+h] [ksjk] vkpkj] nw/k&ngh]&NkN rFkk iNkoj vkfn jgrs FksA Qyksa esa ekSleh] cM+cksj] laso] vaxwj] dsyk] uk'kiÙkh] vukj o ve:n izeq[k gSA

69- lkeUrx.k ixM+h] vaxj[kh] pwM+hnkj iktkek] dejcUnk rFkk xys esa :eky igurs FksA R;ksgkj ds le; vej'kkgh ixM+h] Mks<+h rFkk MqIiêk igurs FksA dHkh dHkh vaxj[kh ij vpdu Hkh igurs Fksa blds vykok ekSle vkSj jktdh; mRloksa vuqlkj Hkh igukos esa vUrj FkkA ixfM+;ka dbZ izdkj dh HkhA vyx&vyx izdkj dh ixfM+;k vyx&vyx le; ij iguh tkrh FkhA vej'kkgh ixM+h c[kjek ixM+h ejtkfnd ixM+h] vjlh'kkgh ixM+h rFkk Hkhe'kkgh ixM+h gksrh FkhA lk/kkj.k ixM+h dks c[kjek ixM+h dgrs FksA ejtkfnd ixM+h mRloksa esa] vjlh'kkgh ixM+h dh [kM+h lh/kh Vksad dks eksM+dj rFkk lkeus dh vksj ds lyksa ds vis{kk caVek vksVs yxkdj iguh tkrh FkhA mejkoksa ds daojksa dks Hkhe'kkgh ixM+h cka/kuh gksrh FkhA mRlo ds le; ixM+h ij rqjkZ o Nksxk yxkuk vko';d FkkA lkeUrksa ds daoj gksdkj i{kh dh dyaxh yxkrs FksA cgqr igys ixM+h ij ckykcanh yxkbZ tkrh Fkh ijUrq dkykUrj esa iNsM+h dk fjokt+ izkjEHk gqvkA izR;sd lkeUr dks viuh dej esa ryokj rFkk xqIrh cka/kuk t#jh FkkA lQj esa cUnwd vko';d FkhA clUr iapeh ls nhikoyh rd vej'kkgh ixM+h] rFkk ^^Mks<+h** nhikoyh ls vkxs iguh tkrh FkhA ikao esa twfr;ka iguh tkrh FkhA iwtk ds le; ,dyaxh /kksrh] vaxksNk] nq'kkyk igursA lnhZ esa nq'kky ds vfrfjä ixM+h Hkh iguh tkrh FkhA

70- vkHkw"k.k esa iq#"k dq.My] d.kZQwy] gkj] yM+] tM+kÅ ikSpk] cktwcUn rFkk eqfnzdk vkfn tsoj igurs FksA iq#"k ixM+h ij ljisp] jkRu tfM+r pUnzek] iNsoM+h dku esa eksrh] xys esa eksfr;ksa dk gkj] ukn] igqafp;s] dM+s] vaxwBh] ikao esa yaxj] ixlkadyk rFkk rksfM;s igrs FksA

71- efgykvksa dh iks"kkd esa eq[; :i ls xksVk&fdukjh dh dkapyh] ?kk?kjk vkSj vks<+uh iguh tkrh FkhA lkfM+;ksa esa dkyk ysgffj;k] ysgfj;k pwanM+h] Qkxf.k;k] jktk'kkgh ysgfj;k izpfyr FksA

72- fL=;ksa ds vkHkw"k.kksa esa flj ekax ij cksj&j[kM+h] dkuksa esa d.kZ Qwy] d.kZ dqyqtk] efPN;k] ihiyirjk] ,fjax] ukd esa uFk rFkk dkaVk] xys esa vusd izdkj ds gkj] daBh] iUuk tfVr fref.k;k] rqylh] daBljh] daBekyk] pUnzgkj] gkFkksa ds cktwcan] gFkQwy] pkanh&lksuk ds dM+s] pwfM+;ka] Mads dh pwfM+;ka] ?kqa?kfj;ksa dh pwfM+;ka] igqafp;s] dkad.k] HkqtcUn] Vhisa] yk[k vkSj gkFkh nkar dh pwfM+;ka] vaxwBh] dUnkSjk] ik;y] ?kqa?kj] >ka>fj;k] rksfM+;k] yaxj] fcNqfM+;ka rFkk tksM+ gksrh FkhA

73- izlk/ku esa Luku gsrq mcVu rFkk b= dk iz;ksx FkkA efgyk,a niZ.k] daxk] [kq'kcwnkj rsy] b= ghuk] yosaMj o xqykc vkfn iz;ksx esa ysrh FkhA dsoM+k lsoa=h] [k] eksxjk vkSj eksrh ds b= izpfyr FksA

74- ckxksj ds lkeUrksa dh fu;qfä esokM+ jktra= dh dqyh; vk/kkj ij Fkh tks esokM+ ds izeq[k egkjk.kk }kjk vius 'kklu ra= dks fuckZ/k pykus ds fy, lxks=h cka/ko lEcU/kh o dqy ds yksxksa ls lgk;rk izkIr djrs FksA vU; lkeUrksa dh rjg ckxksj ds lkeUr tkxhjnkj ds lkFk lkFk 'kklu ra= ds vga Hkwfedk dk fuokZg djus okys FksA ckxksj dh gosyh ds vusd lkeUrksa dk cpiu muds fBdkuksa esa gh chrrk vkSj ogha mUgsa f'k{kk&nh{kk rFkk 'kL= fo|k fl[kkbZ tkrh Fkh ftlesa ?kqM+lokjh] rhj pykuk] ryokj ,oa cUnwd pykuk lfEefyr FksA

75- uojkf= ij bl gosyh esa ukS fnu ekrkth dk iwtu gksrk FkkA

76- gosyh esa tukuk dejs vyx FksA mudks u rks dksbZ ns[k ldrk Fkk vkSj u gh ckrphr dj ldrk FkkA ihgj i{k ds feyus vkrs rks mUgsa njh[kkus esa Bgjk;k tkrk Fkk rFkk muds feyus dk LFkku vkSj le; fuf'pr dj fn;k tkrk FkkA

77- gosyh esa jgus okyh efgyk;sa ygaxk] dkapyh] vksjuk vkfn igurh Fkh ijUrq R;ksgkjksa ij fo'ks"k oL= igus tkrs FksA MkofM+;ksa vkSj BqdjkbZu ds diM+ksa esa dsoy xq.koÙkk dk vUrj gksrk Fkk vU;Fkk oL= leku gksrs FksA gosyh dh Bqdjkbus vius lkefUr;ksa dh gosfy;ksa esa esytksy vkSj R;ksgkj ij ikydh esa cSB dj tkrh FkhA gosyh dh efgyk;s jkuh lkfgck ds lkFk R;ksgkj eukrh Fkh vkSj muds egy esa muds fy; LFkku Hkh fuf'pr jgrk FkkA efgykvksa dh os'kHkw"kk jax dks NksM+dj leku gksrh Fkh ijUrq cM+h jkuh ds oL= xq.koÙkk esa mPprk fy;s gksrs FksA R;ksgkjksa ij diM+ks ds izdkj fuf'pr FksA gfj;kyh vekoL;k ij gjk] Qkx.k ij Qkxq.kh vkSj clUr iapeh ij ihfy;k vkfn iguk tkrk FkkA

laxhr ,oa f'k{kk d{k

ijs.Mk&tyx`g

cSBd d{k

jkuh viuh lf[k;ksa ds lkFk cSBdj okrkZyki djrh FkhA bls njh[kkuk dgk tkrk FkkA bl njh[kkus esa jkfu;ksa ds cSBus ds rkSj rjhds o lkt lTtk dks n'kkZ;k x;k gSA

jlksbZ ?k ¼jlksM+k½

ekthlk dk dejk

gosyh ds tuku[kus esa cM+h cqtqxZ jktekrk ¼ekth lk-½ ds d{k esa iw.kZr% 'osr oL=ksa dk gh mi;ksx fd;k tkrk Fkk o bl d{k esa muds b"V&nso] muds ifr o /kkfeZd fp= gh yxk, tkrs FksA

iwtk d{k

gosyh o jkt?kjkuksa dh jkfu;ka vius b"V nsoksa dk iwtu vius fuokl gosyh o egyksa gh fd;k djrh FkhA blds fy, gosyh esa gh viuk iwtk x`g cuk;k tkrk FkkA

Lukukxkj

J`axkj d{k

x.kxkSj d{k

'k;u d{k

vkeksn&izeksn d{k

fo'ks"k vkd"kZ.k

14-04-2012

ifjp;

Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk o"kZ 1986&87 esa ns'k esa LFkkfir lkr {ks=h; lkaLÑfrd dsUnzksa esa ls ,d if'pe {ks= lkaLÑfrd dsUnz dk eq[;ky; mn;iqj esa LFkkfir fd;k x;kA

2- if'pe {ks= lkaLÑfrd dsUnz

if'pe {ks= lkaLÑfrd dsUnz dk dk;kZy; ,sfrgkfld ckxksj dh gosyh] mn;iqj esa fLFkr gSaA

3- ckxksj dh gosyh

if'pe {ks= lkaLÑfrd dsUnz dks jktLFkku ljdkj us o"kZ 1986 esa ,sfrgkfld ckxksj dh gosyh dks dsUnz dk eq[;ky; cukus ds fy, lkSaikA

tc dHkh 'kkgh ifjokj esa iq#"k mÙkjkf/kdkjh ugha gksrk Fkk rc esokM+ 'kklu dks pykus ds fy, ckxksj dh gosyh ls yM+dksa dks xksn fy;k tkrk FkkA

o"kZ 1828 ls 1884 dh vof/k esa ckxksj fBdk.ks ls pkj egkjk.kk ljnkj flag] Lo:i flag] 'kEHkw flag o lTtu flag xksn fy;s x;s ftudk cpiu o tokuh ckxksj dh gosyh ds pkSd o xfy;kjksa esa chrkA

4- ckxksj dh gosyh laxzgky;

euksjatu d{k ¼vkeksn&izeksn d{k½

'k;u d{k

x.kxkSj d{k

J`xkaj d{k

Lukukxkj

ekthlk dk dejk ¼jktekrk dk dejk½

iwtk d{k

'kkgh ifjokjksa dh jkfu;ka vius bZ"V nso dh iwtk vius fuokl ij gh djrh FkhA gosyh ifjlj esa ,d dejk iwtk ds fy, cuk;k tkrk Fkk ftlesa jkfu;ka vklkuh ls igqapdj iwtk dj ldrh FkhA

cSBd d{k

jlksM+k ¼jlksbZ ?kj½

ijs.Mk ¼ihus dk ikuh j[kus dk LFkku½

laxhr d{k ¼laxhr o f'k{kk d{k½

fo'o dh lcls cMh ixMh

ckxksj dh gosyh laxzkgky; esa iznf'kZr 30 fdyksxzke dh ixMh fo'o dh lcls cMh ixMh gS ftls xqtjkr ds cMksnk ds Jh voUrh yky ih- pkoyk us fo'ks"k :i ls l`ftr dh gSaA

bUnz foeku&¼gkFkh dk jFk½

5- lg xfrfof/k;ka

5-1 lUnHkZ iqLrdky;

dsUnz us izn'kZudkjh dykvksa] pk{kq"k dykvksa] f'kYi] Hkkjrh; bfrgkl dyk o laLÑfr lkfgR; ls lEcfU/kr cks/kxE; iqLrdky; dh LFkkiuk dhA iqLrdky; lUnHkZ lkexzh ds mi;ksx ds fy;s [kqyk jgrk gSaA

5-2 xzkfQd LVwfM;ks

5-3 dyk ohFkh

5-4 izdk'ku

5-5 izys[ku

6- f'kYixzke

izkekf.kdrk cuk;s j[kus ds fy;s mu {ks=ksa es fuokl djus okys yksxksa }kjk mlh {ks= dh fuekZ.k lkexzh ykdj bUgsa fufeZr fd;k x;k gSaA

6-1 >ksaifM+;k¡ o cktkj

6-1-1 >ksaifM+;¡k% jktLFkku

6-1-2 >ksaifM+;k¡% xqtjkr

6-1-3 >ksaifM+;k¡% egkjk"Vª

6-1-4 >ksaifM+;k¡% xksok

6-2 ikjEifjd dyk o f'kYi laxzgky;

6-3 jaxeap

6-4 ewfrZdyk ikdZ ¼LdYipj ikdZ½

if'pe {ks= lkaLÑfrd dsUnz

ifjp;

1& laLFkkxr <k¡pk

if'pe {ks= lkaLÑfrd dsUnz ,d iathÑr laLFkk gS rFkk jktLFkku ds egkefge jkT;iky blds v/;{k gSaA bl dsUnz dh lapkyu lfefr] dk;Zdkjh lfefr] dk;ZØe lfefr o foÙk lfefr gS ftlesa Hkkjr ljdkj ,oa lnl; jkT;ksa dh ljdkjksa ds vf/kdkjh o vU; xSj ljdkjh izfrfu/kh lnL; cuk, x, gSaA

2 dk;Z iz.kkyh ,oa mís';

bl dsUnz dh LFkkiuk if'peh {ks= jktLFkku] xqtjkr] egkjk"Vª] xksok o dsUnz 'kkflr izns'k neu] nho o nknjk uxj gosyh esa lkaLÑfrd jpukRed fodkl] izn'kZudkjh dykvksa] pk{kq"k dykvksa] lkfgfR;d dk;Z] ikjEifjd yksd o tutkfr dykvksa ds mUu;u o laj{k.k ds fy, dh xbZA

3 fu;e ftuds varxZr laLFkk dk;Zjr gS

i-{ks-lka-ds- mn;iqj jktLFkku lkslk;Vh iathdj.k vf/kfu;e 1958 XXVIII ds rgr ,d iathÑr laLFkk gSA eseksjsUMe vkWQ ,lksfl,'ku ds vuqlkj bl laLFkk dk lapkyu dk;ZØe lfefr ,oa foÙk lfefr dh lgk;rk ls lfefr o dk;Zdkjh lfefr }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA

4- ckxksj dh gosyh laxzgky;

eq[;ky; ckxksj dh gosyh esa lapkfyr xfrfof/k;k¡

1 /kjksgj

mn;iqj esa lkaLÑfrd fojklr ls le`) {ks= esa ns'kh&fons'kh i;ZVdksa dks vkdf"kZr djus ds fy, i-{ks-lka-dsUnz }kjk mn;iqj dh ckxksj dh gosyh esa 28 vDVwcj 2000 ls lkaLÑfrd la/;k ^^/kjksgj** dk vk;kstu izkjEHk fd;k x;kA ,sfrgkfld gosyh dh i`"BHkwfe esa cus pkSd esa vk;ksftr bu la/;kvksa esa xojh] rsjkrky] pjh o HkokbZ u`R; dk izn'kZu dykdkjksa }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA

2 dyk ohFkh

dykohFkh ;qok ,oa mHkjrs dykdkjksa dks izn'kZuh yxkus ds fy, eap iznku djrh gSaA

3 xzkfQd LVwfM;ks

dsUnz dk viuk lqfo/kk ;qDr xkzfQDl LVwfM;ks gS ftlesa yhFkksxzkQh] bfpax ,oa fizfUVx dh lqfo/kkvksa ls ;qDr xzkfQd LVwfM;ks dh LFkkiuk dh gSA xzkfQd LVwfM;ks esa dykdkjksa dks bl LFkku ij dke djus o lqfo/kkvksa dk mi;ksx djus dk volj feyrk gSA

f'kYixzke

dsUnz }kjk mn;iqj ds if'pe esa Hkkjr dk xkSjo xzkeh.k dyk o f'kYi ifjlj fLFkr gS ftls f'kYixzke ds uke ls vf/kd tkuk tkrk gSA ;g if'pe {ks= ds yksd ,oa tutkfr yksxksa dh okLrqdyk o thou 'kSyh dk fo'kky laxzgky; gSA ;g ifjlj vjkoyh dh xksn esa 130 ch?kk ¼70 ,dM+½ igkMh Hkwfe ij cuk gqvk gS tks lnL; jkT;ksa dh 31 >ksifM+;ksa dk izfrfuf/kRo djrk gSA bu >ksifM+;ksa esa if'peh Hkkjr ds fofHkUu {ks=ksa esa QSyh ekuo tkfr;ksa ds jgu&lgu ,oa ikjEifjd LFkkiR; 'kSyh dks ;Fkkor iznf'kZr fd;k x;k gSaA bu >ksifM+;ksa dh izkekf.kdrk cuk;s j[kus ds fy;s mu {ks=ksa es fuokl djus okys yksxksa }kjk mlh {ks= dh fuekZ.k lkexzh ykdj bUgsa fufeZr fd;k x;k gSaA bl xzke esa e`.k laxzgky;] tutkfr laxzgky;] xksy laxzgky;] dksBh laxzgky;] LdYipj ikdZ] eqDrkdk'kh jaxeap] niZ.k lHkkxkj] f'kYi gkV cktkj gS tgka jkstkuk 'kke dks lkaLÑfrd la/;k dk vk;kstu fd;k tkrk gSA

f'kYixzke esa lkaLÑfrd xfrfof/k;k¡

1 f'kYin'kZu

^^f'kYin'kZu** mn;iqj ds f'kYixzke esa o"kZ i;ZUr vk;ksftr izo`fÙk gS ftlesa yksd dykdkjksa ,oa f'kYidkjksa dks ckjh&ckjh ls iUnzg fnol dh vof/k ds fy, dyk izn'kZu dk volj miyC/k djok;k tkrk gSA ;s dykdkj f'kYixzke vkus okys i;ZVdksa o dyk jfldksa dks le{k vius gwuj dk izn'kZu djrs gSa ,oa f'kYidkj vius mRiknksa dk foØ; djrs gSaA

2 f'kYixzke mRlo

dsUnz }kjk mn;iqj ds f'kYixzke esa foxr 16 o"kksZa ls ^^ f'kYixzke mRlo** dk vk;kstu fd;k tk jgk gSA jk"Vªh; Lrj ds dyk ,oa f'kYi esys esa iwjs ns'k ls 350 ls T;knk yksd dykdkj o f'kYidkj Hkkx ysrs gSaA

f'kYixzke mRlo l`tu dh meax dks ck¡Vus rFkk ns'k ds fofHké vapyksa esas mEnk f'kYi cukus okys gtkjksa f'kYidkjksa o dykdkjksa dks ,d eap ij ykus] dyk o f'kYi izn'kZu rFkk mRiknksa dks csapus dk volj iznku djrk gSA mRlo esa jkstkuk 'kke dks jaxeap ij fofHké fo"k;ksa ij vk/kkfjr lkaLÑfrd dk;ZØeksa dk vk;kstu fd;k tkrk gSA ;g mRlo f'kYidkjksa ds uk;kc uewuksa dks vke vkneh dh ngyht rd igq¡pkus rFkk fcuk fdlh e/;LFk ds lh/ks miHkksDrk dks dykRed oLrq csapus dk volj iznku djrk gS mRlo esa gj lky 3 yk[k yksx lkaLÑfrd izo`fÙk;ksa dks fugkjus ds fy, f'kYixzke vkrs gSaA

3 meax& ckf/kr cky lkaLÑfrd ioZ

meax& ckf/kr ckydksa dk lkaLÑfrd ioZ if'pe {ks= lkaLÑfrd dsUnz dk fo'ks"k vk;kstu gSA bl mRlo dk izeq[k mn~ns'; 'kkjhfjd :i ls ckf/kr ckydksa] eancqf)] us=ghu ,oa ewd cf/kj ckydksa dks izksRlkgu nsus muesa fo|eku dkS'ky dks lkekU; jaxeap iznku djus ,oa dykRed vknku&iznku ds fy, vkn'kZ okrkoj.k lqyHk djokuk ,oa mUgsa eq[; /kkjk ls tksM+uk gSA dkS'ky ,oa n`<+ bPNk 'kfDr euq"; dks fo'ks"k cuk nsrh gS pkgs 'kkjhfjd :i ls og iw.kZ gks ;k uk gksA;g mRlo ,sls fo'ks"k ckydksa esa dykRed vknku&iznku ,oa vkilh lkeatL; dk Hkh ek/;e cu ldk gSA bl mRlo esa ns'k ds fofHké Hkkxksa ls fo'ks"k ckyd mn;iqj vkrs gSa ftUgsa vfHku;] urZu] xk;u] [ksy] nkSM+&Hkkx] l`tu o izn'kZu dk volj izkIr gksrk gSA

LFkku&fBdkuk	x.kxksj ?kkV] txnh'k efUnj ds ihNs
fuekZrk	Lo- vej pan cM+ok] iz/kku esokM+ jkT;
fuekZ.k dky	18 oha lnh
fof'k"Brk	dykRed #i ls rjk'ks iRFkjksa ls euHkkou fuekZ.k rduhd ,oa cgqvk;keh dkWp dk iPphdkjh dk;Z vkSj esokM+h 'kSyh dh mEnk fp=dkjh
orZeku	if'pe {ks= lkaLd`frd dsUnz dk eq[;ky;] esokM+h gosfy;ksa dh ijEijkvksa ij eueksgd laxzgky; rFkk izfrfnu ^/kjksgj* ds rgr jktLFkkuh >yd fy, lkaLd`frd vk;kstu rFkk fp= izn'kZfu;ka] dk;Z'kkyk,a ,oa laxksf"B;kaA

BAGORE KI HAVELI

West Zone Cultural Centre was set up in Bagore ki Haveli at Udaipur to provide facilities for the creative development of performing arts, visual arts, literary work, folk traditions and tribal art forms in the western region of India, in the States of Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa and UT of Daman, Diu and Dadra Nagar Haveli.

The Historical Bagore ki Haveli is located on the banks of Lake Pichola overlooking the world famous Hotel Lake Palace. It was built by Shri Amar Chand Badwa, the then Prime Minister of Mewar State during 1751 to 1778. After his death, the edifice came under the domain of Maharaj Nath Singh - younger brother of Maharana of Mewar. Four Maharanas of Mewar, namely Sardar Singh, Swaroop Singh, Shambhu Singh and Sajjan Singh were adopted from Bagore ki Haveli between 1828 to 1884. Gangaur Ghat was built by Maharaj Bhim Singh who succeeded Maharaj Nath Singh. In 1878, Maharaj Shakti Singh built the palace with exquisite glass inlay work on the Tripolia (three arch gates) at Gangaur Ghat.

In 1930, this Haveli was taken over by the Mewar State and converted into a Royal Guest House. Bagore ki Haveli was the property of Mewar State till 1947. After the independence, Rajasthan Government used this Haveli to house government servants. In 1986 the Haveli in a dilapidated condition was handed over to the West Zone Cultural Centre. It has 138 rooms, balconies, courtyards, terraces and numerous corridors

Haveli Museum

In 1992, it was decided to restore the Haveli with the help of experts and set up a museum. Experts and members of Royal family were consulted to give each room a glimpse of the royal past. After 5 years of strenuous restoration work, this Haveli has been converted into a museum. The sitting room, bedroom, bathroom, entertainment room, music room, worship room, kitchen, etc. depict the erstwhile royal lifestyle, architecture and cultural ethos, carefully conserved to its pristine glory. The Museum invoke the spirit of Mewar’s Aristocratic culture by displaying a few selected objects like jewellery boxes, dice-games, hukkas, pan boxes, nut crackers, hand fans, rose water sprinklers, copper vessels and other household objects of every day life of the by-gone culture.

The turban displayed at Bagore ki Haveli Museum at Udaipur is supposed to be the biggest turban (headgear) of the world. The turban weighing almost 30 kgs. was made by Shri Avantilal P. Chavla, Baroda. Height of this turban is 80 c.m. and circumference is 320 c.m. A 9 c.m. thick roll of Banarasi Tanchoi Saree cloth, which is 52.5 meter in length with stuffing of cotton and coir foam, has been dressed/tied together to make this massive turban. It took about 6 months to create this unique piece.

WZCC displayed elephant chariot - "Indra Viman" in the open courtyard leading to the entrance of Bagore ki Haveli. The chariot was brought to Bagore ki Haveli from Jhalawar in a very dilapidated condition and has been carefully repaired and restored to its original condition. This chariot made of iron, wood, bamboo and leather was pulled by two elephants.

CULTURAL PROGRAMMES/ACTIVITIES

DHAROHAR: UDAIPUR (RAJ.)

WZCC has started a daily cultural evening programme – Dharohar – from 28th October 2000 at Bagore ki Haveli, Udaipur, with a view to attract domestic as well as foreign tourists and to acquaint them with the rich cultural heritage of the area. Traditional dance forms like Gavari, Teratal, Chari and Bhavai are performed by authentic artists, in the natural backdrop of the chowk of the Haveli.

West Zone Cultural Centre

INTRODUCTION

1. Organisation structure

West Zone Cultural Centre (WZCC) with its headquarters at Udaipur in Rajasthan is one of the seven Zonal Cultural Centres set up in February 1986 under the direct initiative of the Ministry of Human Resource Development, Govt. of India.

West Zone Cultural Centre is a registered Society with H.E. the Governor of Rajasthan as Chairman. The Governing Body, Executive Board, Programme Committee & Finance Committee comprise of officials & non-official representatives of Government of India and the Member States comprising the Zone.

2. Functions and objectives

The Cultural Centre is set up to provide facilities for the creative development of performing arts, visual arts, literary work, folk traditions and tribal art forms in the western region of India, in the States of Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa and UT of Daman, Diu and Dadra Nagar Haveli.

The main thrust of the Zonal Cultural Centres is to network and disseminate cultural activities in rural India, promoting the rich diversities & uniqueness of various arts & crafts and to upgrade & enrich consciousness among people about its rich & vast cultural heritage. There is special emphasis on people's participation & revival of vanishing & dying art forms & crafts.

To achieve these objectives, various programmes & activities are organized at village level, taluka level, district level, state level, inter and intra-zonal level throughout the country in collaboration with various State, Central Academies and voluntary organisations.

3. Regulations under which the organisation is working

The WZCC Udaipur is a Society registered under Rajasthan Societies Registration Act XXVIII of 1958. The Society is governed by Governing Body and Executive Board, assisted by the Programme Committee and Finance Committee, as per Memorandum of Association and Rules of the Society.

BAGORE-KI-HAVELI MUSEUM

Haveli Museum is set up at Bagore-ki-Haveli at "Gangaur Ghat" overlooking Lake Pichhola barely 100 meters from the City Palace of Udaipur. The Museum was set up to symbolically invoke the spirit of Mewar’s Aristocratic culture by displaying a few selected objects like jewellery boxes, dice-games, hukkas, pan boxes, nut crackers, hand fans, rose water sprinklers, copper vessels and other household objects of every day life of the by-gone culture. The museum also displays the private chambers of royal ladies, their dressing rooms, bath rooms, bed rooms, temples & recreation rooms, Indra Viman - The Elephant Chariot and the turban weighing almost 30 kgs.

ACTIVITIES IN THE HEADQUARTER AT BAGORE KI HAVELI

1. DHAROHAR: UDAIPUR (RAJ.)

WZCC has started a daily cultural evening programme – Dharohar – from 28th October 2000 at Bagore ki Haveli, Udaipur, with a view to attract domestic as well as foreign tourists and to acquaint them with the rich cultural heritage of the area. Traditional dance forms like Teratal, Chari and Bhavai are performed by authentic artists, in the natural backdrop of the chowk of the Haveli.

2. EXHIBITIONS AT KALAVITHI - ART GALLERY OF WZCC

The Art Gallery provides a platform for the exhibitions of young & upcoming artists.

3. GRAPHIC STUDIO ACTIVITIES: UDAIPUR

The Centre has a well-equipped Graphic Studio having facilities of Lithography, Etching and Printing. The Graphic studio intends to provide opportunities to artists to work at the campus and use the facilities.

SHILPGRAM

The Centre has established a “Rural Arts & Crafts Complex” three kms west of Udaipur better known as SHILPGRAM. It is a living ethnographic museum depicting the enormous diversity, architecture and life styles of the folk & tribal people of the West Zone. The complex set up in 130 bighas (70 acres) of land in the lap of Aravalli Mountains comprises of 31 representative huts of the member States.

The Terracotta Museum, Tribal Museum, Gol Museum, Kothi Museum, Sculpture Park, Open air Amphitheatre (Kala Aangan), Darpan Auditorium, Crafts Bazar (Haat) and Cultural performances every day evening titled, “Shilpdarshan” organised in the serene natural surroundings of an Indian village are special attractions.

Shilpgram brings together different communities and their lifestyles integrating them with their occupation and way of life. It provides a complete picture of the vast mosaic of the diversity of their art and culture in its most original form. It also provides platform for the interaction of rural & urban artists and craftsmen among themselves and with the people around. To discerning visitors, Shilpgram presents a Mini Rural India – a myriad portrait of Unity in Diversity.

CULTURAL PROGRAMMES/ACTIVITIES IN SHILPGRAM

The important cultural programmes organised by West Zone Cultural Centre in Shilpgram, Udaipur are as under:-

1. SHILPDARSHAN

Shilpdarshan is an on going activity being organised in the Shilpgram, Udaipur in which the performing artists & craftsmen from the Member States are invited at Shilpgram with the rotation of 15 days to perform and demonstrate their arts & crafts skills to the visitors and make the Shilpgram lively with their performances.

2. SHILPGRAM UTSAV

West Zone Cultural Centre has been organising Shilpgram Utsav at Shilpgram in Udaipur for the last 20 years. It is an annual national art & craft fair attended by more than 700 craftsmen, artisans and performing artists from all over the country.

Shilpgram Utsav brings together the joys of creation of hundreds of craftsmen & artisans, who will create, exhibit and sell their master pieces. Every evening witnesses a riotous colour of folk dances, music & programmes organised on different themes. This utsav brings creations of hundreds of master craftsmen to the doorsteps of common men eliminating the traders and middleman. More than 3 lakh people witness this annual event every year.

3. RANGSHALA: UDAIPUR

WZCC has undertaken a mission to revive and promote theatre movement among people by providing facilities to amateur theatre groups, talented artists, directors, etc. to stage their shows. The theatre shows are organised every month at Darpan Auditorium, Shilpgram, Udaipur.

Bagore Ki Haveli

Perched on the Gangori Ghat on the banks of the dazzling Lake Pichola, Bagore ki Haveli was constructed by Amir Chand Badwa, who was the Prime Minister at the Mewar royal court during his time.

This medieval haveli with more than 100 rooms was condemned to neglect till it was revamped in the year 1986 when the West Zone Cultural Centre was set up here. After Amir Chand Badwa passed away the haveli became the property of the royal state of Mewar.
Bagore Ki Haveli.

A few years later this enchanting haveli became the home of Maharana Shakti Singh of Bagore who added a three storied palatial structure to the main haveli in 1878. Ever since the haveli came be known as

One of the romantic tourist destinations of Udaipur in Rajasthan, India Bagore ki Haveli showcases enamoring architectural splendor. Marvel at the fascinating original Mewar paintings on the walls of the Queen's quarters, feast your eyes on exquisite peacocks fashioned with tiny pieces of colored glass and admire objects of daily use that were used in the royal household.

The cultural museum within Bagore ki Haveli has a wide variety of royal objects on display. See hookahs, nutcrackers, jewelry boxes, rose water sprinklers, hand fans and more.

Stroll along wide corridors and enjoy a regal experience as you marvel at luxurious private chambers that were used by the ladies of the royal household.

Lonely Planet review for Bagore-Ki-Haveli

This gracious 18th-century haveli museum, on the water’s edge near Gangaur Ghat, was built by a former prime minister and has been carefully restored. There are 138 rooms set around courtyards. Some recreate the times when the house was inhabited, others have cultural displays, including the world’s (rather saggy) biggest turban! The haveli also houses an interesting art gallery, with contemporary and folk art, and world-famous monuments lovingly carved out of polystyrene. The upper courtyard makes an atmospheric setting for fabulous Rajasthani dance performances at 7pm.

Introduction

Bagore ki Haveli is a beautiful mansion on the waterfront of Lake Pichola at Gangaur Ghat. Built in 1751 by the then Prime Minister of Mewar, Amirchand Badwa, this elegant haveli has now been converted into a museum of traditional puppetry, and holds musical performances every evening. There are some hundred rooms in the haveli with terraces, corridors, courtyards and balconies, but only a few display ethnic costumes and modern art. Browse the Queen’s Chamber and appreciate the quintessential Mewar paintings, in addition to the two peacocks made of small pieces of colored glass. The property was taken over by the Mewar State after the death of Badwa. It then came to be occupied by Maharana Shakti Singh of Bagore who erected the palace of three arches in 1878, and thus christened it ‘Bagore ki Haveli’.

Browse the haveli and admire its intricate carvings, glasswork, objects of daily use such as hookahs, nutcrackers, jewelry boxes, rose water sprinklers, hand fans, pan boxes, copper utensils, dice games and more. Add to it the architectural splendor of the mansion, which makes an evening of cultural performances all the more atmospheric. Not to mention the beautiful lighting in evenings. After the death of the rulers, the mansion lay in neglect until 1986 when the West Zone Cultural Centre took over the task of restoring it, leading to the construction of the museum.

Before leaving, take a stroll in the haveli and see the opulent private chambers of the royal ladies, their bathrooms, dressing rooms, bedrooms, living rooms, worship rooms and recreation rooms. A tour of Bagore ki Haveli is a great way to get a glimpse into the traditional architecture and the way of life of the royal family.

Special Attributes

The palace is famous for its intricate carvings and mirror work, besides a cultural dance and music show every evening in its romantic surroundings.

Nuisance

The site is very peaceful and free of irritants.

Dressing restrictions

Avoid wearing short or revealing clothes.

Connectivity

You can easily reach the place from the city by taking a local bus, rickshaw, tonga or taxi.

Enjoyed by

Culture Vultures

Exposure

You will be indoors.

Avoidable Season

May, June, July

Facilities

The place also hosts puppet shows in the evenings.

Things Not Allowed

No such restriction.

Tip

Do not touch the artifacts on display

Type of site

An architectural marvel from the 18th century, also home to a museum of traditional folk art.

BAGORE KI HAVELI

Haveli Museum

CULTURAL PROGRAMMES/ACTIVITIES

DHAROHAR: UDAIPUR (RAJ.)

West Zone Cultural Centre

INTRODUCTION

1. Organisation structure

2. Functions and objectives

3. Regulations under which the organisation is working

BAGORE-KI-HAVELI MUSEUM

ACTIVITIES IN THE HEADQUARTER AT BAGORE KI HAVELI

1. DHAROHAR: UDAIPUR (RAJ.)

2. EXHIBITIONS AT KALAVITHI - ART GALLERY OF WZCC

The Art Gallery provides a platform for the exhibitions of young & upcoming artists.

3. GRAPHIC STUDIO ACTIVITIES: UDAIPUR

SHILPGRAM

CULTURAL PROGRAMMES/ACTIVITIES IN SHILPGRAM

The important cultural programmes organised by West Zone Cultural Centre in Shilpgram, Udaipur are as under:-

1. SHILPDARSHAN

2. SHILPGRAM UTSAV

3. RANGSHALA: UDAIPUR

ckxksj dh gosyh%

esokM+h laLd`fr dk vizfre >jks[kk

ckxksj dh gosyhA egt ,d gosyh ugha cfYd esokM+h laLd`fr] xkSjo'kkyh bfrgkl] dyk&dkS'ky] tuthou] lkeUrh jgu&lgu vkSj 'kku&'kkSdr rFkk yksd&laLd`fr dh izrhd gSA ;g gosyh esokM+h okLrqf'kYi dk vizfre Hkjks[kk gS] ftlesa ml dky[kaM dh fojklr fo'okl rFkk :fp;kas ds fnXn'kZu gksrs gSaA fo'o fo[;kr fiNksyk >hy ds fdukjs igkM+h ds fupys Nksj ij lh<+huqek 'kSyh esa fufeZr rhu efUtyh bl gosyh esa lqUnj dkWp dh uDdk'kh] [kwclwjr iPphdkjh ,oa fp=dkjh mn;iqj ds jktizklkn ds vuq:i f'kYi lkSUn;Z dk blesa lekos'k gSA

ckxksj dh gosyh ds pkSd&pkSckjs] >jks[ks] xks[kM+s] ckjknjh] d{k] ldM+s Hkwy&HkwyS;k ekxZ] esokM+h 'kku&'kkSdr vkSj lkeUrh BkB&ckV ds izrhd FksA gosyh ds pIis&pIis ij fj;klrh laLd`fr dh bckjr fy[kh xbZ gSA le; us djoV yh vkSj mn;iqj fLFkr esokM+h okLrq f'kYi ds bl vizfre xok{k & ckxksj dh gosyh ds gj d{k vkSj gj dkSus esa igys ls myV ;gka yksd&dykdkjksa dh vkoktkoh rFkk yksd laLd`fr dh vuqxwat gSA vc ;gka gkFkh dh fpaxkM+ vkSj ?kksM+ksa dh fgu&fgukgV ds LFkku ij ,drkjk vkSj jko.kgRFks ij Loj ygfj;ka xwatrh lqukbZ iM+rh gSA jtokM+h 'kku&'kkSdr okys L=h&iq#"kksa dh txg vc yksd&f'kfYi;ksa rFkk dykdkjksa us ys yh gSA

fj;klr dky esa ^gosyh* ijEijk jgh ijUrq vU; jtokM+h gosfy;ksa ls ckxksj dh gosyh dh ckr gh U;kjh gSA fj;klrksa ds jkT;ksa esa foy; ds lkFk gh oä us djoV yh vkSj lewpk ifjn`'; cny x;kA i;ZVdksa ds LoxZ mn;iqj fLFkr esokM+h okLrqf'kYi dk vuqie LFky ckxksj dh gosyh dk dkSuk&dkSuk ml dky [k.M ds jgu&lgu] [kku&iku] iwtk&ikB] 'kkS;Z] ohjRo vkSj lkaLd`frd tuthou dh eqag cksyrh dgkuh c;ka djrk gSA bl fj;klrh gosyh esa vc if'pe {ks= lkaLd`frd dsUnz dk eq[;ky; gS] tgka pIis&pIis ij] gosyh ds yxHkx 134 LFkyksa ,oa d{kksa esa if'pe Hkkjr dh yksd laLd`fr ds laj{k.k] lao/kZu ,oa mUu;u ds dk;Z&dyki xr <+kbZ n'kd ls lapkfyr gSaA

fo'o izfl) fo'kky tyjkf'k okyh ,sfrgkfld fiNksyk >hy ds fdukjs mn;iqj ds jktegyksa ds ik'oZ esa fLFkr ;g gosyh x.kxkSj ?kkV ij fLFkr gS] tgka fj;klrh dky ls x.kxkSj vkSj rht+ R;ksgkjksa dk dsUnz jgh] vc ns'kh&fons'kh lSykfu;ksa dh je.k LFkyh gSA fiNksyk >hy] blesa cus [;kfr izkIr txfuokl ¼ysdisysl½ tks vc rkt xzqi dk ikap flrkjk gksVy gS vkSj tx efUnj tgka 'kgtkns [kqjZe dks vkJ; fn;k Fkk] i;ZVd bl gosyh ls uSlfxZd lkSUn;Z dks fugkjrs&fugkjrs izQqYy gkss tkrs gSa vkSj fnu Hkj dSejksa dh fDyd&fDyd xwatrh jgrh gSA ,d vksj tgka mUgsa gosyh dk iqjkru f'kYi yqHkkrk gS] ogha nwljh vksj >hy dh n`';koyh rFkk ogka ls vkrk eUn&eUn iou muds ân; esa fljgu iSnk djrk gSA

x.kxkSj ?kkV ij foLr`r bl rhu efUtyh gosyh esa jktizklkn 'kSyh dk ikSjkf.kd f'kYi lkSUn;Z] fuek.kZ dh fof'k"V jhfr dk vkyk&xhyk ¼Wet Process½] vk;fj'k] ?kqVkbZ rFkk lanyk dke ij vkd"kZd fp=dkjh] uDdk'kh vkSj dk¡p ij lw{e iPphdkjh dyk rks lSykfu;ksa ds vkd"kZ.k rks gSa gh] lkFk gh bUgsa izfrfnu lkaLd`frd dsUnz }kjk lapkfyr lkaLd`frd vk;kstu ^/kjksgj* ds ek/;e ls izns'k dh yksd laLd`fr ds vusd vk;keksa ds lkFk :&c&: djk;k tkrk gSA ;g gosyh vius vki esa okLrfod LFkkiR; 'kSyh dk laxzgky; gS mlesa igys jktlh eU=.kk;sa gksrh Fkh] ikfjokfjd jkl jax] rht&R;ksgkj] x.kxkSj ds mRlo gksrs] xhr vkSj c/kkos xk;s tkrs Fks vc ;gka ds pkSd&pkSckjksa esa yksdxhrksa] u`R;ksa vkSj ifj"d`r laxgky; esa jtokM+h laLd`fr ds lgt n'kZu gksrs gSaA gosyh dk iquZuohuhdj.k dj laxzgky; LFkkfir fd;k ftlesa 'kkgh ifjokjksa dh thou 'kSyh] LFkkiR;] lkaLÑfrd yksdkpkj ,oa iqjkru xkSjo dks gqcgw iznf'kZr fd;k x;kA fj;klrh jgu&lgu vkSj gosyh tuthou ij vk/kkfjr laxzgky; ftlesa laxhr ,oa f'k{kk d{k] cSBd] jlksM+k] ijs.Mk] ekthlk dk dejk] iwtk d{k] Lukukxkj] J`axkj d{k] x.kxkSj d{k] vkeksn&izeksn d{k] 'k;u d{k vkfn gSa] ogha dsUnz dh vU; xfrfof/k;ksa esa dBiqryh d{k] iqLrdky;] fp= chFkh] fp=dkjksa ds fy, xzkfQd xfrfof/k;ka vck/k pyrh jgrh gSA QOokjk pkSd vkSj rqylh pkSd tks dHkh jktlh yksxksa ds euksjatu vkSj okrkZyki ds LFky Fks] vc ogka fur jkst yksdxhr ,oa u`R;ksa ls 'kke ltrh gSA blds vfrfjä ;gka le; le; ij dk;Z'kkyk,a] laxksf"B;ka rFkk izf'k{k.k f'kfoj vk;ksftr gksrs gSaA

laxejejh izklkn ds njoktksa] >jks[kksa] rkdksa esa iPphdkjh dk dke o dkWp ds csycwVs] Qwy vkSj xqynkojh dh drkjsa] if{k;ksa dh vkd`fr;ka vkfn dk eueksgd dk;Z vkt Hkh iqjkru >yd fy;s gq, gSA dkWp dh bl dkjhfxjh esa futZu ou esas Mksyrs gkFkh dh rLohjsa Ådsjh xbZ gSaA ckgj nksuksa >jks[kksa esa dkWp ds u;ukfHkjke eksj cus gq, gSaA blh dkWp dh dkjhfxjh vkSj izkd`frd lkSUn;Z ds dkj.k bl gosyh dks lnk ls izflf) feyrh jghA gosyh esa jaxhu dkWp ds 'kh'kksa ds tfj, dejksa esa vkrh /kwi ,oa izdk'k dk utkjk ,d vyx gh izdkj ds vkuUn dh vuqHkwfr nsrk gSA rhoz xehZ vkSj /kwi esa Hkh dkWp ds izHkko ls >hy dk 'khry euksje n`'; eu dks Nw ysrk gSA ;gha ugha lewph >hy dk izfrfcEc bl gosyh ij iM+rk gS rks gosyh dh [kwclwjrh esa pkj pkan yx tkrs gSaA

bl gosyh dk fuekZ.k o"kZ 1751 ls 1778 rd egkjk.kk izrkiflag f}rh;] jktflag] vjh flag o gehj flag ds 'kklu dky esa esokM+ ds iz/kkuea=h jgs Jh vejpan cMok us djok;kA vejpan cMok dh e`R;q ds i'pkr ;g gosyh esokM+ jkT; ds 'kkgh ifjokj ds vkf/kiR; esa vk xbZA blds ckn ;g gosyh egkjk.kk ds HkkbZ egkjktk ukFk flag ds vf/kdkj esa vkbZ] rRi'pkr esokM+ 'kkgh ifjokj esa ckxksj fBdk.kk ,d egRoiw.kZ LFkku cu x;kA blds ckn ckxksj ds fBdk.ks dk eqf[k;k egkjkt dgykus yxkA

tc dHkh 'kkgh ifjokj esa iq#"k mÙkjkf/kdkjh ugha gksrk Fkk rc esokM+ 'kklu dks pykus ds fy, ckxksj dh gosyh ls yM+dksa dks xksn fy;k tkrk FkkA o"kZ 1828 ls 1884 dh vof/k esa ckxksj fBdk.ks ls pkj egkjk.kk ljnkj flag] Lo:i flag] 'kEHkw flag o lTtu flag xksn fy;s x;s ftudk cpiu o tokuh ckxksj dh gosyh ds pkSd o xfy;kjksa esa chrkA

fiNksyk dh vksj [kqys >jks[ks] mlesa ls >kadrh cjcl fuxkgsa] esgjkcnkj xqEcn vkSj esokM+h okLrqdyk ds xks[kM+ksa esa cSBs yksx] fugkjrs n`';] ;gka ij vk;ksftr gksus okys mRlo] R;ksgkj vkSj lekjksg ij ijLij dk gsy&esy vkSj lewps ijEijkxr ifjn`'; o BkB&ckV dks u;uksa esa lesVrs jtokM+h L=h&iq#"kksa dh ;g n`';koyh lgt gh vka[kksa ds lkeus mrj tkrh gSA ;gh ugha lnhZ esa xje vkSj xfeZ;ksa esa B.Ms jgus okys bu jktizklknksa esa enkZus pkSd&pkSckjs] ?kqM+lky] gkFkhBk.k] Åij&uhps cuh frckfj;ka] uhe ds o`{k] rqylh pkSjk] esgjkcnkj LrEHk] Luku ?kj] J`xkaj&d{k] 'k;u d{k vkSj mudh fLFkfr mlds dkyØe esa mudh jguh&lguh dh [kqyh iqLrd gSA gosyh dk eq[; }kj esokM+h jktizklkn ds njoktksa dh gh rtZ ij cM+s gh lqUnj <ax ls cuk gqvk gS] ftldh 'kksHkk vius vki ns[krs gh curh gSA bl gosyh dh Nr ls mn;iqj ds izfl) egy lTtux<+] fiNksyk esa fLFkr txfuokl ¼ysdisysl½] txefUnj] uVuh dk pkSjk] >hy ds bZnZ&fxnZ efUnjksa dh foLr`r J`a[kyk vkSj uxj ds ,d fgLls dh clkoV lgt vka[kksa esa lek tkrh gSA 'kjn iwf.kZek ds fnu ckxksj dh gosyh dk izfrfcan ,d vyx gh vkHkk;qä yxrk gSA

bl gosyh esa Hkh vkus tkus ds vusd ladM+s&ladM+s jkLrs gSa vkSj NksVs&NksVs njoktksa okys izos'k }kj ftudk egRo lqj{kk dh n`f"V ls gqvk djrk Fkk rkfd dksbZ vpkud ihNs ls ryokj mBk dj u ekj nsA ;gh O;oLFkk egkjk.kkvksa ds jktizklknksa esa Hkh gSA ;gh ugha izR;sd vkarfjd egy ls ckgj vkus tkus ds jkLrs vyx&vyx ,oa vusd lh<+h ekxZ gSaA

jk.kk vkSj lkeUr lHkh lknxh Hkjh thou thrs Fks] fn[kkos vkSj ,s'kks&vkjke dh ftUnxh ls ijs FksA esokM+ lnk gh ;q) esa layXu jgk] ijUrq tc 'kkfUr dky vk;k rks vo'; BkB&ckV esa fdafpr c<+ksrjh ns[kh xbZA mlh vuqikr esa lkeUrkas vkSj gosyh ds lHkklnksa ds thou esa Hkh FkksM+k vUrj vo'; ns[kus dks feykA vU; lkeUrksa gh ds leku bl gosyh ds lkeUr Hkh vius jk.kk ds vku&cku&'kku vkSj e;kZnk ds fy, lnk m|Ùk jgrs FksA tc dHkh egkjk.kk gosyh esa vkrs rks lkeUr lnk gh njh[kkus esa uhps gh cSBrs FksA dqflZ;ka vkSj lksQs ugha gksrs FksA njh[kkus esa njh vksj Åij cM+k xík rFkk e[keyh pknj gksrk FkkA ihNs eksMk vkSj ik'oZ esa xksy rfd, gksrs FksA jk.kkth ;gka vkdj lkeUrksa dh rFkk ifjokj dh dq'ky{kse iwNrs FksA lkeUr vR;Ur lfg".kq vkSj lknxh thou thus okys gqvk djrs FksA gosyh esa izkr%dky mBrs gh cgqvksa dks lkl ds ikl iSj Nwus] ixs ykxus tkuk gksrk FkkA budh igyh lUrku dk fookg Lo;a jk.kkth djokrs FksA igyh 'kknh dk [kpZ vkSj cUnkscLr egyksa ls gksrk FkkA xgus&diM+s&yÙks egyksa ls vkrs FksA fj'rk Hkh jk.kkth dh lgefr ls gksrk FkkA 'ks"k iq=&iqf=;ksa dk fookg lkeUrksa ds vius [kpZ ls gksrk Fkk ijUrq oj fudklh egyksa ls gksrh FkhA igyh laUrku dk ukedj.k Lo;a njckj djrs FksA Jk) i{k ds vykok efgyk,a xksVk&fdukjh ds oL= igurh FkhA gosyh esa pkanh ds >wys vkSj crZu gksrs FksA Luku ?kj esa dM+s okyh dksfB;ka] xaxktyh vkSj ykSBk gksrk FkkA uk;uth Luku djkrh FkhA iq#"k xM+ck ysdj [kM+k jgrk FkkA /kk;ckbZ cky&cPpksa dks iky&iksl dj cM+k djrh FkhA gosyh ds ck.kukFkth vkSj ihrkEcjth efUnj esa lkykuk o"kZ xkaB] cPpksa ds tUe fnol ij fo'ks"k vuq"Bku vkSj mRlo gksrs FksA gosyh esa jk.kkth dh jhfr&fjokt okyh gh ixfM+;ka ckU/kuh gksrh Fkh vkSj mlh vuqØe esa njh[kkus gksrs FksA gosyh esa Hkh jaxegy ds gh jLe&fjokt FksA gosfy;ksa ds xks[kM+ksa esa fuekZ.k rduhd Hkh ogh lekurk gksrh Fkh] ijUrq fdlh Hkh gosyh esa jk.kkth ds egyksa dh cjkcjh ugha dh tkrh FkhA xks[kM+ksa ds uhps jaxhu jsts th t+ktesa fcNrh FkhA xknh&eksMkas ij js'keh&e[key ds dyi fd, gq, doj yxk, tkrs FksA insZ >jefj;ksa okys gksrs FksA jaxhu dkWp okyk egy 'kh'k egy o dp egy dgykrk FkkA gosfy;ksa esa ihry ds gqDds] Nr ij jaxhu gkafM;ka] eksecÙkh j[kus dk ykyVsu dk pkSjgk] nhid&nhoM+] ltkoVh f[kykSus] gkFkh&nkar dh oLrq,a] ihatjs] i{kh] dbZ fMtk;uksa ds :bZ ds insZ gksrs FksA tukuk egy dks ^jkoyk* cksyrs FksA iyax tks pkanh ds ik;ksa dk gksrk Fkk mls ^lkaxoks* dgrs Fks vkSj ml ij fuokj jgrh FkhA fuokj ij doj jgrkA cM+k fcLrj o xyhpk fcNk jgrk FkkA iyax ij 4&6 rfd, jgrs FksA xky rfd, Hkh gksrs FksA gkFk rfd, vyx ls jgrs FksA iyax ds Lyksi gksrs ftls ^iM+ik;k* dgrs gSaA iyax ds pknj dks otuh 'ksj ls ca/kk j[krs rkfd pknj b/kj&m/kj f[klds ughaA lkeku j[kus dh isfV;ksa dks eatw"k dgrs gSaA bu ij lqUnj diM+k yxk jgrk FkkA ,d iks"kkd dh vksojh gksrh FkhA Hk.Mkj esa ?kjsyw lkeku gksrsA xgus j[kus ds fy, pkanh ds Mcwls jgrsA 'kjkc ihus ds I;kys] pqf'fd;ka pkanh ds gksrs FksA gosfy;ksa esa gkFkh Bk.k o ?kqM+lky ls lewph gosyh esa jkSud jgrh Fkh vkSj egyksa lh xfrfof/k;ka lapkfyr gksrh FkhA

vf/kdka'k ljnkj izkr% lw;ksZan; ds le; mBrs FksA mBdj b"Vnso ds n'kZu djrsA 'kkSp vkfn ls fufo`r gks feêh ls ckjg ckj gkFk i{kkyu djrsA pk; dk izpyu ugha FkkA Luku cktksV ij cSB dj] ?kMs+ ls ykSBs }kjk gksrk FkkA lkcwu dk iz;ksx ugha FkkA Luku ds var esa ?kM+s ds ikuh esa tjk xaxkty feyk;k djrs Fks vkSj vfUre Luku xaxkty ls djrs FksA Luku ds le; da/ks ij ,d oL= jgrk FkkA cM+s lkeUrksa ds ;gka djekUrjh xaxkygjh ds lLoj ikB djrs FksA 'kjhj ikSaNus ds fy, yack oL= ^Mhy iwaNf.k;ks* rksfy;k gksrk FkkA Luku ls iwoZ {kkSj deZ gksrk FkkA vLoLFkk ds nkSjku Luku ugha gksrk FkkA pUnzxzg.k vkSj lw;Zxzg.k ds i'pkr Luku vfuok;Z FkkA izk;% Luku can dejs esa gksrk Fkk ij dHkh [kqys esa HkhA Luku ds le; iqjksfgr flj vkSj /kM+ rd gkFk yxk ldrs Fks] ijUrq ukbZ vkfn uhps ds vaxksa dks ikSaNrs FksA Luku ls iwoZ ekfy'k djrs vkSj oftZ'k] igyokuh Hkh djrs FksA jk.kkth ds cqykos ij igyokuh egyksa esa gksrh vU;Fkk dgha ckgj gksrhA v[kkM+s dh O;oLFkk gosfy;ksa esa izk;% ugha gksrh FkhA Luku ds mijkUr eyey dk dqrkZ] eyey dh cxyc.Mh] lQsn /kksrh] flj ij vaxksNk] xys esa #nzk{k] dh ekyk igurs FksA oL= iguus ds i'pkr lkeUr yksx iwtk esa cSBrs vkSj djekU=h fof/k fo/kku ls iwtk djkrk FkkA Lo;a lkeUr lkFk&lkFk eU=kspkj.k djrsA ekyk ti pyrk vkSj izkr% iwtk ds i'pkr~ dFkk 'kq# gksrhA dFkk okpu Hkê&esokM+k czkã.k djrs FksA bl le; lkeUrx.k lifjokj mifLFkr jgrs FksA tukuk insZ esa cSBrs FksA iwtk&ikB ds fy, lsod jgrk FkkA efUnj esa lnk Hkksx p<+rk FkkA iwtk ds mijkUr if{k;ksa dks /kku Mkyk tkrk FkA czkã.k dks frl ls Hkjk dVksjk nku gksrk FkkA

iwtk izk;% ,dfyax egknso vkSj vius&vius b"Vnso dh gksrh rFkk lkeUrksa ds iqjksfgr fo".kq] f'ko] x.ks'k rFkk 'kfä;ksa ds n'kZu djkrsA lkeUr mu ij chyi= o iq"i p<+krs rFkk J)kour gksrs FksA f'kojkf= ij ,dfyaxth euksjFk eukus tkrs FksA Jko.k ekl esa lkeUr iqjksfgr ds ?kj tkrs vkSj HksaV nsrs FksA ;s egkjk.kk ds yoktek ds lax gksrs FksA uojkf= esa gosfy;ksa esa gou&iwtu ds fo'ks"k vk;kstu gksrs FksA Luku&iwtk ikB ds ckn lkeUrx.k e/;kà iwoZ Hkkstu djrsA Hkkstu vius ifjokj] lxs vkSj tukuk ds lkFk djrsA lk;a 15&20 yksxksa dk Hkkstu gksrk FkkA tc iq#"k Hkkstu dj jgs gkrss rks tukuk ugha gksrk FkkA 'kkdkgkjh vkSj ekalkgkjh nksuksa izdkj dk Hkkstu ijkslk tkrk FkkA llkeUr xyhps vkSj xknh ij cSBrs] tcfd vU; nksuksa vksj iaxr esa lQsn ikafr, ij Hkkstu djrsA Hkkstu ds le; cSBs&cSBs gh vfHkoknu dk fjokt+ FkkA Hkkstu ds pkanh ds Fkky ds uhps iyk'k ds iÙks dh ckt ^^iukoM+k** j[kuk vfuok;Z FkkA crZu pkanh ds gksrs FksA Hkkstu djus ls iwoZ Hkkstu dks nsokiZ.k dj ^^milku** ds le; djekU=h eU=kspkj.k djrkA rn~ijkUr xaxkty ls vkpeu ds mijkUr Hkkstu izkjaHk gksrkA tks ljnkj Hkkstu ugha djrs mUgsa Fkky esa ls ijlknh nh tkrh FkhA Hkkstu 'kkdkgkjh vkSj ekalkgkjh nksuksa izdkj dk gksrk FkkA nks&rhu izdkj ds ekal] eksVh ?k`r ;qä] vk/kh ?kh&;qä] pqiM+h vkSj fcuk pqiM+h jksVh gksrh FkhA is;ty ds fy, vuqpj jgrk FkkA ik=ksa ij uke [kqnk jgrk FkkA Hkkstu ds mijkUr rkEcwy dk lsou fd;k tkrk FkkA

HkksT; lkexzh esa ^^lks;rk** iqyko] jksVh] pkoy&nky] puk] mM+n] ewax] rqvj dh nkys] esokM+ dh izpfyr feBkbZ;ka] yìw] tysch] Qh.kh] ?ksoj] [kktk] lhjk] ykIlh rFkk ekSleh lfCt;ka vkfn gksrh FkhA Hkkstu ds ckn vkjke vkSj fQj egyksa esa tkuk gksrk FkkA e|iku dk izpyu Fkk vkSj leUr vius oxZ ds lkeUrksa] fBdkusnkjksa ds lkFk vFkok vius tukus ds lkFk e|iku djrs FksA e| esa vklks] xqykc] nqckjk vkfn e| is; gksrs FksA ihus ds crZuksa esa nk: pq'dh] I;kyk o fxykl vkfn jgrs FksA 'kjkc ds lkFk ^^[kkjcw>.kk** [kk|ksa esa lwyk] Qklyk] fVfd;k] lekslk] fi'rk] dktw vkSj cknke vkfn ijksls tkrs FksA jkf= Hkkstu tukuk ds lkFk gh pyrk FkkA lkeUrksa dh efgyk;sa Hkh e|iku djrh FkhA HkkstuksijkUr gLr iz{kkyu ds fy, ,d ^^,d enkZfu;ka** ukbZ gkFk esa x<+ok fy, gksrk tks ^^ikys** crZu esa i{kkyu djkrk FkkA

iks"kkd] oL= ,oa vkHkw"k.k %

1- js'keh tjh ds oL= 2- tjh&cwVksa ds dk;Z dh 3- oL=ksa esa iNsoM+h

4- nxkyh 5- nksf/k;k 6- Mks<+h

7- nksoM+ 8- dkuksa 9- tkek

10 ckxk 11- tXxk 12- xwnM+h

13- [ksl 14- 'kky 15- ikeM+h

16- nksoM+rk 17- pk[kkM+rk 18- vej'kkgh ixM+h

19- vjlh'kkgh ixM+h 20- mn;'kkgh ixM+h 21- c[kjek ixM+h

22- pw.Mkor'kkgh ixM+hlywEcj 23- tloUr'kkgh ixM+h + 24-ekaMi'kkgh ixM+h

25- jkBkSM+h ixM+h cnuksj 26- eku'kkgh ixM+h +27- gehj'kkgh ixM+h

28- ygfj;k ixM+h&rht 29- e>t NikbZ dh lyek flrkjs dh ixM+h&n'kgjk

30- ihyh&lQsn ixM+h gksyh 31- dslfj;k&clUr iapeh 32-gjh dlqey

33- dqlqech & lfnZ;ksa esa 34- dslfj;k xfeZ;ksa esa 35- fljksikoij cka/kus ds

36- lqugjs #igjs rqjsZ 37- ljisp 39- ckykcanh

40- MqxMqxh 41- xkslisp 42- yVdu

43- QÙkgisp 44- Nksxk 45- dyaxh

46- vkeyh] 47- Nkonkj ¼ixM+h cka/kus okyk½]

48- :eky&xys esa 49- pwM+hnkj ik;tkek] 50- /kksrh]

51- nqIiêk] 52- e[keyh twfr;ka] 53- dslfj;k ckuk]

54- cxrjh 55- cxyc.Mh 56- vks<.kh ¼phj] pksjlks] pwanM+h] pksG] nqdqy½ 57- lkM+h] ygaxk 58- ?kk?kjk

59- dkapyh 60- dqrhZ 61- dapwdh

62- pksyh 65- yach dqrhZ 66- ixj[kh

87- oklrk 68- byk;pk 69- el:

70- rulq[k NhaV] ywaxh Hkkar] vryl] vjka"k] tjdlh] eqyeqy] tjnksth] dlch] rikbZ ewaxh ikV] lkyw] uhyd] lqi] eltj] tkekokM+] yk[kkjl] rkgrksa vkfn oL=A

vkHkw"k.k %

3- 'kh"kQwy 2- j[kM+h 3- cksj ghjk dk tM+kÅ

4- Bhdfj;k Vhdk 5- d.kZQwy 6- ihiy i=

7- Qwy >wedk vkxksyk 8- uFk] 9- >wedk

10- dkaVk 11- oyuh 12- ckjh&ekSatw

13- nkarksa esa lksus dh pksais 14- gkjikV 15- daBh

16- uheksM+h 17- Fkef.k;k 18-rqylh

19- rqLlh 20- tqxkoyh 21- tksdh

22-daBlkjh 23- daBekyk 24- ekf.kD; ekyk

25- eksrh ekyk 26- ekanfy;k 27 pUnzgkj

28- galgkj 29- xqtekyk 30- tkyjk

31- cktwcan 32-v.kr 33- xwxjh

34- xksxjh 35 ikV dêk 36- dad.k&yaxj

37- xksxjh 38- xtjk 39- pwM+h Hkqtk ls ysdj dybZ rd ds tsoj] 40- iwapk&gFkiku 41- chaVh 42- ewanM+h

43- nke.kk 44- vaxwBh 45- ik;y

46- ik;tsc 47- uqiqj 49- >ka>fj;k

50- usojh 51- vkaoyk 52- yaxj

53- tksM+ 54- dM+k 55- ixiku

56- rksM+k 57- vaxwBk dk vuksr 58- fcfN;k

59- Qksyjk 60- Qksyjh 61- vuoV

62- NYyk ¼xgus lksus ds dherh iRFkj o eksfr;ksa ls tM+s½

izeksn ds lk/ku

3- ?kqM+lokjh 2- i'kqvksa ds ;q) 3-ukSdk fogkj

6- vka[k fepkSuh 5- pkSiM+ 6- xathQk

9- 'krjat 8- rksrk&eksj 9- fpfM+;k

12- eSuk 11- dcwrj 12- iky f'kdkj

15- cg:fi;ksa dks 'kj.k 14- jkl vk;kstu 15- laxhr

18- u`R; 17- ?kwej 18- xojh

21- Qwanh] 20- ?ksjk u`R;

ok|

3- xtj 2- nekek 3- ?kM+iky

6- nqanqfHk 6- 'kgukbZ 6- j.kdsd.k

9- uxkM+s 8- rqjgh 9- oh.kk

12- <+ksy 11-flrkj 12- rUnqjk

15- fla?kk&Hkksik 14- ckalqjh 15- lkjaxh

[kku&iku

3- jksVh 2- iwM+h 3- ?ksoj

6- yìw 5- tysch 6- eBM+h

9- cslu ds yìw 8- Qh.kh 9- [kktk

12- lhjk 11- 'kDdj dh jksVh 12- nw/k dh jksVh]

15- lsao 14- lso ds yìw 15- mM+n eqjdh

18- ykIlh 17- pkoy 18- dsllfj;ka Hkkar

21- [ksjk 20- cM+h 21-ikiM+h

24- ikiM+h 23- ikiM+ 24- [khpM+h

27- ehBk [khp 26- xawtk 27- [kqjek

30- ekyiqvk 29- [khj 30- eqjCck

33- vkpkj 32- ngh 33-idokuksa esa byk;ph

36- ykSax 35- cknke 36- nk:

39- [kksijk fxjh 38- xwan 39- fpjkSath

42- fla?kkM+k 41- feJh 42- xqykc dk lr

45- cM+cksj 44- lsao 45- vaxwj

48- uk'kifÙk 47- vukj 48- [kjcwtk

51- ve:n 50- lhrkQy 51 nw/k&ngh&NkN

54- iNkoj 53- vQhe 54- dalwck

57- vk'kks 56- xqykc 57- dslj

78- rEek[kw] 59- gqDdk 60- chM+h

o"kZ 1986 esa ns'k esa lkr lkaLd`frd dsUnzksa dh LFkkiuk gqbZA if'pe jkT;ksa esa jktLFkku] xqtjkr] egkjk"Vª] xksok rFkk dsUnz 'kkflr izns'k ne.k] nho ukxj gosyh dk eq[;ky; jktLFkku jkT; dks feykA ml le; dsUnz ds eq[;ky; ds Hkou LFky dk fu.kZ; gksuk FkkA ,d er Fkk fd] 'kgj ls nwj izkd`frd jE; okrkoj.k esa vPNk vkSj vk/kqfud Hkou fufeZr fd;k tk;s vFkok esokM+ dh lkaLd`frd LFkyh jgs ckxksj dh gosyh tks fiNksyk ds ?kkVksa ij cuh gS dks pquk tk;A bl fo"k; ij yEch&pkSM+h cgls lekpkj i=ksa ls ysdj fofHkUu cSBdksa esa gqbZA vUrr% esokM+ jkT; dh ;g /kjksgj tks lkoZtfud foHkkx dk fgLlk Fkh] dsUnz ds eq[;ky; ds fy, pquk x;kA bl gsrq ,d rduhdh 'kk[kk dk l`tu fd;k x;k vkSj th.kZ&'kh.kZ bl Hkou dks fujUrj mi;ksx ds fy, cM+k Jelk/; dj ejEer dk;Z djok,A lQkbZ ds nkSjku ,d rg[kkuk feyk ftls dykchFkh esa ifjofrZr fd;k x;kA gosyh esa iqjkus vk;fj'k vkSj ?kqVkbZ dk dk;Z Fkk] gosyh ds mlh Lo:i dks cuk;s j[kus ds fy, mlh rduhd ij th.kksZ)kj fd;k x;kA gosyh ds ewy Lo:i dks ifjofrZr ugha fd;k x;k vkSj esokM+h 'kSyh dks lajf{kr j[kkA dbZ txg Q'kZ u;k yxk;k x;k] ydM+h] >kyh] >jks[ksa ds dk;Z fd,A bl izdkj e`rizk;% Hkou dk iqu:)kj fd;k x;kA

if'pe {ks= lkaLÑfrd dsUnz

if'pe {ks= lkaLÑfrd dsUnz dk dk;kZy; ,sfrgkfld ckxksj dh gosyh] mn;iqj esa fLFkr gSaA

ifjp;

Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk o"kZ 1986&87 esa ns'k esa LFkkfir lkr {ks=h; lkaLÑfrd dsUnzksa esa ls ,d if'pe {ks= lkaLÑfrd dsUnz dk eq[;ky; mn;iqj esa LFkkfir fd;k x;kA

,d lkaLÑfrd dsUnz ds v/khu ,d ls vf/kd jkT; feykus dk ewy mís'; ;g Fkk fd ;s jkT; vkil esa lkaLÑfrd fofue; dj ldsA bu lkaLÑfrd dsUnzksa ds eq[;ky; egkuxjksa o jkt/kkfu;ksa ls nwj j[kus dk mís'; ;g Fkk fd NksVs dLcksa o xkaoksa ds yksxksa ls tqMk tk lds] tgka ij Hkkjr dh okLrfod laLÑfr o le`) fojklr fo|eku gSA if'pe {ks= lkaLÑfrd dsUnz ,d iathÑr laLFkk gSA jktLFkku ds egkefge jkT;iky blds v/;{k gSA lapkyu lfefr] dk;Zdkjh e.My] dk;ZØe lfefr vkSj foÙklfefr esa Hkkjr ljdkj o lnL; jkT;ksa dss ljdkjh o xSj ljdkjh lnL; gSA

ckxksj dh gosyh laxzgky;

laxhr ,oa f'k{kk d{k

gosyh vkSj jkt ifjokjksa ls gekjh dyk dks ;Fkksfpr izJe feyk rfkk dbZ ifjokjksa dk dyk ls x+gjk tqM+ko jgk gSA bl ijaijk ds vuq:I laxzgky; esa l`ftr laxh d{k jktifjokj dk laxhr ds izfr yxko dk izrhd ek= gSA bl d{k esa ,d ,slh laxhr 'kkyk dk izfr:i gS tgka jkfu;k¡ laxhr dh f'k{kk xzg.k djrh FkhA bl d{k esa laxhr ds f'k{k.k vkSj fufer vH;kl ds fy;s iz;qä gksus okys fofHkUu iqLrdksa] ok| ;a=ksa] lkjaxh] rcyk] <+ksyd] ck¡lqjh] pax] <+iyh] uxkM+k] 'kgukbZ vkfn dks n'kkZ;k x;k gSA

ijs.Mk&tyx`g

cSBd d{k

jkuh viuh lf[k;ksa ds lkFk cSBdj okrkZyki djrh FkhA bls njh[kkuk dgk tkrk FkkA bl njh[kkus esa jkfu;ksa ds cSBus ds rkSj rjhds o lkt lTtk dks n'kkZ;k x;k gSA

jlksbZ ?kj ¼jlksM+k½

jkt ifjokjksa esa Hkkstu ds fy, jlksM+&jlksbZ ?kj dh i`Fkd O;oLFkk gksrh Fkh tgka jktifjokj ,oa muds egekuksa ds fy, Lokfn"V Hkkstu curk FkkA bl jlksbZ ?kj esa cM+s Lrj ij Hkkstu cukus ds fy, /kkrq] dkB ds cM+&cM+s ik= gksrs FksA vukt o vU; [kk| lkexzh ds fy, Hk.Mkjksa dh Hkh O;oLFkk gksrh FkhA

ekthlk dk dejk

gosyh ds tuku[kus esa cM+h cqtqxZ jktekrk ¼ekth lk-½ ds d{k esa iw.kZr% 'osr oL=ksa dk gh mi;ksx fd;k tkrk Fkk o bl d{k esa muds b"V&nso] muds ifr o /kkfeZd fp= gh yxk, tkrs FksA

iwtk d{k

gosyh o jkt?kjkuksa dh jkfu;ka vius b"V nsoksa dk iwtu vius fuokl gosyh o egyksa gh fd;k djrh FkhA blds fy, gosyh esa gh viuk iwtk x`g cuk;k tkrk FkkA

Lukukxkj

J`axkj d{k

x.kxkSj d{k

'k;u d{k

vkeksn&izeksn d{k

fo'ks"k vkd"kZ.k

ifjp;

Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk o"kZ 1986&87 esa ns'k esa LFkkfir lkr {ks=h; lkaLÑfrd dsUnzksa esa ls ,d if'pe {ks= lkaLÑfrd dsUnz dk eq[;ky; mn;iqj esa LFkkfir fd;k x;kA

2- if'pe {ks= lkaLÑfrd dsUnz

if'pe {ks= lkaLÑfrd dsUnz dk dk;kZy; ,sfrgkfld ckxksj dh gosyh] mn;iqj esa fLFkr gSaA

3-ckxksj dh gosyh

if'pe {ks= lkaLÑfrd dsUnz dks jktLFkku ljdkj us o"kZ 1986 esa ,sfrgkfld ckxksj dh gosyh dks dsUnz dk eq[;ky; cukus ds fy, lkSaikA

tc dHkh 'kkgh ifjokj esa iq#"k mÙkjkf/kdkjh ugha gksrk Fkk rc esokM+ 'kklu dks pykus ds fy, ckxksj dh gosyh ls yM+dksa dks xksn fy;k tkrk FkkA

o"kZ 1828 ls 1884 dh vof/k esa ckxksj fBdk.ks ls pkj egkjk.kk ljnkj flag] Lo:i flag] 'kEHkw flag o lTtu flag xksn fy;s x;s ftudk cpiu o tokuh ckxksj dh gosyh ds pkSd o xfy;kjksa esa chrkA

4- ckxksj dh gosyh laxzgky;

euksjatu d{k ¼vkeksn&izeksn d{k½

'k;u d{k

x.kxkSj d{k

J`xkaj d{k

Lukukxkj

ekthlk dk dejk ¼jktekrk dk dejk½

iwtk d{k

'kkgh ifjokjksa dh jkfu;ka vius bZ"V nso dh iwtk vius fuokl ij gh djrh FkhA gosyh ifjlj esa ,d dejk iwtk ds fy, cuk;k tkrk Fkk ftlesa jkfu;ka vklkuh ls igqapdj iwtk dj ldrh FkhA

cSBd d{k

jlksM+k ¼jlksbZ ?kj½

ijs.Mk ¼ihus dk ikuh j[kus dk LFkku½

laxhr d{k ¼laxhr o f'k{kk d{k½

fo'o dh lcls cMh ixMh

ckxksj dh gosyh laxzkgky; esa iznf'kZr 30 fdyksxzke dh ixMh fo'o dh lcls cMh ixMh gS ftls xqtjkr ds cMksnk ds Jh voUrh yky ih- pkoyk us fo'ks"k :i ls l`ftr dh gSaA

bUnz foeku&¼gkFkh dk jFk½

5- lg xfrfof/k;ka

5-1 lUnHkZ iqLrdky;

dsUnz us izn'kZudkjh dykvksa] pk{kq"k dykvksa] f'kYi] Hkkjrh; bfrgkl dyk o laLÑfr lkfgR; ls lEcfU/kr cks/kxE; iqLrdky; dh LFkkiuk dhA iqLrdky; lUnHkZ lkexzh ds mi;ksx ds fy;s [kqyk jgrk gSaA

5-2 xzkfQd LVwfM;ks

5-3 dyk ohFkh

5-4 izdk'ku

5-5 izys[ku

6- f'kYixzke

izkekf.kdrk cuk;s j[kus ds fy;s mu {ks=ksa es fuokl djus okys yksxksa }kjk mlh {ks= dh fuekZ.k lkexzh ykdj bUgsa fufeZr fd;k x;k gSaA

6-1 >ksaifM+;k¡ o cktkj

6-1-1 >ksaifM+;¡k% jktLFkku

6-1-2 >ksaifM+;k¡% xqtjkr

6-1-3 >ksaifM+;k¡% egkjk"Vª

6-1-4 >ksaifM+;k¡% xksok

6-2 ikjEifjd dyk o f'kYi laxzgky;

6-3 jaxeap

6-4 ewfrZdyk ikdZ ¼LdYipj ikdZ½

if'pe {ks= lkaLÑfrd dsUnz

ifjp;

1& laLFkkxr <k¡pk

2 dk;Z iz.kkyh ,oa mís';

3 fu;e ftuds varxZr laLFkk dk;Zjr gS

4- ckxksj dh gosyh laxzgky;

eq[;ky; ckxksj dh gosyh esa lapkfyr xfrfof/k;k¡

1 /kjksgj

2 dyk ohFkh

dykohFkh ;qok ,oa mHkjrs dykdkjksa dks izn'kZuh yxkus ds fy, eap iznku djrh gSaA

3 xzkfQd LVwfM;ks

f'kYixzke

f'kYixzke esa lkaLÑfrd xfrfof/k;k¡

1 f'kYin'kZu

2 f'kYixzke mRlo

3 meax& ckf/kr cky lkaLÑfrd ioZ

LFkku&fBdkuk	x.kxksj ?kkV] txnh'k efUnj ds ihNs
fuekZrk	Lo- vej pan cM+ok] iz/kku esokM+ jkT;
fuekZ.k dky	18 oha lnh
fof'k"Brk	dykRed #i ls rjk'ks iRFkjksa ls euHkkou fuekZ.k rduhd ,oa cgqvk;keh dkWp dk iPphdkjh dk;Z vkSj esokM+h 'kSyh dh mEnk fp=dkjh
orZeku	if'pe {ks= lkaLd`frd dsUnz dk eq[;ky;] esokM+h gosfy;ksa dh ijEijkvksa ij eueksgd laxzgky; rFkk izfrfnu ^/kjksgj* ds rgr jktLFkkuh >yd fy, lkaLd`frd vk;kstu rFkk fp= izn'kZfu;ka] dk;Z'kkyk,a ,oa laxksf"B;kaA

BAGORE KI HAVELI

Haveli Museum

CULTURAL PROGRAMMES/ACTIVITIES

DHAROHAR: UDAIPUR (RAJ.)

West Zone Cultural Centre

INTRODUCTION

1. Organisation structure

2. Functions and objectives

3. Regulations under which the organisation is working

BAGORE-KI-HAVELI MUSEUM

ACTIVITIES IN THE HEADQUARTER AT BAGORE KI HAVELI

1. DHAROHAR: UDAIPUR (RAJ.)

2. EXHIBITIONS AT KALAVITHI - ART GALLERY OF WZCC

The Art Gallery provides a platform for the exhibitions of young & upcoming artists.

3. GRAPHIC STUDIO ACTIVITIES: UDAIPUR

SHILPGRAM

CULTURAL PROGRAMMES/ACTIVITIES IN SHILPGRAM

The important cultural programmes organised by West Zone Cultural Centre in Shilpgram, Udaipur are as under:-

1. SHILPDARSHAN

2. SHILPGRAM UTSAV

3. RANGSHALA: UDAIPUR

Bagore Ki Haveli

Lonely Planet review for Bagore-Ki-Haveli

Introduction

Special Attributes

The palace is famous for its intricate carvings and mirror work, besides a cultural dance and music show every evening in its romantic surroundings.

Nuisance

The site is very peaceful and free of irritants.

Dressing restrictions

Avoid wearing short or revealing clothes.

Connectivity

You can easily reach the place from the city by taking a local bus, rickshaw, tonga or taxi.

Enjoyed by

Culture Vultures

Exposure

You will be indoors.

Avoidable Season

May, June, July

Facilities

The place also hosts puppet shows in the evenings.

Things Not Allowed

No such restriction.

Tip

Do not touch the artifacts on display

Type of site

An architectural marvel from the 18th century, also home to a museum of traditional folk art.

BAGORE KI HAVELI

Haveli Museum

CULTURAL PROGRAMMES/ACTIVITIES

DHAROHAR: UDAIPUR (RAJ.)

West Zone Cultural Centre

INTRODUCTION

1. Organisation structure

2. Functions and objectives

3. Regulations under which the organisation is working

BAGORE-KI-HAVELI MUSEUM

ACTIVITIES IN THE HEADQUARTER AT BAGORE KI HAVELI

1. DHAROHAR: UDAIPUR (RAJ.)

2. EXHIBITIONS AT KALAVITHI - ART GALLERY OF WZCC

The Art Gallery provides a platform for the exhibitions of young & upcoming artists.

3. GRAPHIC STUDIO ACTIVITIES: UDAIPUR

SHILPGRAM

CULTURAL PROGRAMMES/ACTIVITIES IN SHILPGRAM

The important cultural programmes organised by West Zone Cultural Centre in Shilpgram, Udaipur are as under:-

1. SHILPDARSHAN

2. SHILPGRAM UTSAV

3. RANGSHALA: UDAIPUR

A STUDY ABOUT SHILPGRAM

Shilpgram is the unit of the West Zone Cultural Centre, established in 1989. Shilpgram seeks to generate a deeper appreciation of the enormous diversity of design and aesthetic in sense in the folk and tribal arts, crafts and architecture of the four states of the West Zone Cultural Centre. Shilpgram is located in the natural surroundings of the Aravali hills, near village Havala barely 3 kilometeres from the city of Udaipur. This was a bold new concept where the Centre undertook building of a village of 26 huts representing the folk and tribal communities from the member states of West Zone. The complex spread over an area of 130 bighas. Today, Shilpgram has found an important place on the tourist map of India. There is a very famous lake known as 'Fateh Sagar' near the Shilpgram. The hole of the shilpgram is built in hilly terran. Before builting the Shilpgram, it was a barren treeless land. After, West Zone Cultural Centre is planted the lot of trees about 4000 to 5000 plants.

Apart from 26 huts , 15 rooms are situated for the accommodation purpose to Artistes and craftsman in the shilpgram is called 'Kala Nivas'. One Museum and one big hall, a multipurpose hall with size of 80' x 30' and it is used for workhop, conferences and for accommodation purposes in the Shilpgram. 'Dubha' , a canteen is used for Tourism and visitors situated in the frontside of the Shilpgram.

An open air theatre with the capacity of 3000 people (approx.) is used for cultural programmes and dances. And it has also a 70mm screen with the projector room. Open air Theatre have four green rooms. In the different places, Shilpgram have the urinels and toilets facilities. It separate for ladies and gents. 12 permanent toilets and 12 bathrooms are situated at Kala Nivas for both men and women. Shilpgram have temporarily 20' x20' stalls with shade of tiles and grass for the big festival of Shilpgram Utsav. And also have 45 small stalls (8' x 8' approx) for Shilpgram Utsav. One reception room is near the gate with the size of 20'x12' feet. Two shed making for the ticket counter with size of 10 feet round diametre for public. 'Kalarath', a huge bus is used for transporting the artistes and craftsperson. One double storeyed building (30'x15') is used for kepting the store materials. One technical store of the size of 60'x30' and 6 big dancing platforms (4 of them 60'x60', 2 of them 30'x30') is located in the different places in the Shilpgram.

KINDS OF HUTS

DEVRAN (TEMPLE):

Devran is likely the God's place where all the folk dieties such as Mataji, Bheruji and Nag Devta, Kalaji, Garaji and others worshipped by the triblas. One man is called 'Bhopa' inside the temple. Different Gods are painted in the wall. It is called an art form of 'Bhopa Bhopi'.

RAMA HUT in Jesalmer, Rajasthan:

The joint families are living in the inside of the Rama hut. It is also used for animals like cow and buffalo. There is one workshop in the hut. In this workshop, Carpets are made from Camel hair and goat hair by the families. One sleeping room is in the hut. The decoration items are stored and one portion for sleeping, kitchen items are kept in the room. MUD KOTHI, a box is used to put up rice, sugar, oil etc., is kept in the room. Outside in the hut, one platform is builted for taking rest after bath. Guests is stayed in outside of the hut and seperate room is situated for them/

SEHARIYAS , RAJASTHAN

The Sehariya tribals are located in the holly forested area of kota district of Rajasthan. The main occupation of the Sehariyas is forming and collecting forest produce. The walls of made of stones, pasture with mud and roofs are covered either tiles, thick grass or waste stone glass. Inside the room, the halfside is used for kitchen in a mud kothi use for storage.

SAM HOUSE, RAJASTHAN

This house is a reconstruction of a middle class family home in Sam Village, Jaislam is located in the desert. The speciality of the Horse is its yellow stone. The stone is beautifully carved. Roof is covered with Kair wood and the upperside of the roof is floored with met, a locally available clay. Doors are small and made of Kair wood. Guest room is outside including 2 kitchens and store room.

KUTCH BANNI, GUJARAT:

Meghwall Banni Hut of the Meghawal Community of Kutch. Constructed on a raised platform, this circular house with a cone shapped roof is called 'Bhungo'. The shape of these houses is serch that the whirlairids and stiff breezes of the area can be damaged. Ceing is painted in colourful wavy limes, while wood carving. Three different families are livied in the Gujarat hut 1, Meghwal, 2. Muslim and Rebory.

BUNKAR JHOPRI, GUJARAT:

This huts belongs to a weaver of the Chhota Udaipur area in Vadodara District of Gujarat. The Weaver's loom and spinning wheel are fixed in the verandah. The rear of the hut is a combined living room and kitchen. Architectural materials are bamboo mortrated with dung and mud. The roof covered by the hand made of Terracotta tiles.

LAMBADIA, GUJARAT (POTTER HUT):

This is in rectangular in shape and it is a model of simplicity. The walls are made of stones plastered handmade tiles and front portion of the hut is called varandah. One room for pottery storage. Potter Wheel and the klin where giving takes place behind the hut.

POTTER'S HUT, GOA (BICHOLIM):

Bicholim is a famous Centre of Goan Pottery, specialing in Decorative animals forms. Household articles and vottive terracottas are one storage room. Puppet show is performed by the Bicholim.

BRAHMIN HUT, GOA:

The main architectural feature of this hindu mainstream house from Vasco is the lavish use of Iron-rich carved lintel projection and its interior courtyard around which domestic life resoves. Tulsi math or 'Stamp' is common feature, as is the wall decoration around the cooking area.

FISHERMAN'S HUT, GOA:

Mostly chiristians Goa,n, fisherman live near the coasts. They go fishing at night and return in the morning. Their main source of income is fishering. The walls are made of mud and only one room is in the hut.

KULAMBI HUT, GOA:

Kulambi hut is use by the agricultural community. The huts of the Kulambi are violet with muds walls and tiles roof rains leaves palm trunks and stones are used helter and sketlers. The hut has a covered Gallery all around which mades it very airy cool.

CHIRISTIAN HUT:

This is a chiristian hut characterised by the Gross infront. The life style of rural chiristians and their household items.

WORLI, MAHARASHTRA:

The northern part of the Konkan Region in the Maharashtra Worli tribe lived. Agriculture is their main works and worli paintings. Worli paintings are made by the rice water. Only one room is available in the hut. In that room, half of the portion occupied the animals and half of the portion occupied by the people. Walls are built of bamboo and reed stickes and painted over the cow dung and mud.

KUMBI TURAL, MAHARASTRA;

Kumbi Turals are agriculturalists. Double storeyed hut made of mud and concret. The walls are made of stones pastered with mud. One portion covered with tiles and the roof covered with local glass.

KOLI HUT, MAHARASTRA:

Koli is a fisherman lived in the hut. The house are made of coconut leaves, coconut stem. The roof is covered with bamboo and coconut leaves. One portion is used for kitchen and 1 portion of the hut is used for the domestic purpose.

WARDA HOUSE, MAHARASHTRA:

Harigans people lived in the house. They are all bamboo workers. The walls are made of bamboo and mud. Inside the hut, one room, kitchen and one passage are builted. The roof is covered with bamboo and nadia tiles.

KOLAHPUR HUT, MAHARASHTRA:

Kolahpur is the famous for its leather work. This is a shoemaker's hut from Kolahpur . The walls are made in shape of rectangular. The hut are made by pebbles into large square moulds which are then used unbreaked. The first room of the hut is used as shoe making workshop and other two rooms are used for domestic purpose.

BHUJODI, GUJARAT:

Bhujodi, located in Bhuj district in western Gujarat is the home of the Kutchhi Rebaries. The huts are constructed on a raised platform with mud and mud plastered stone with a wooden roof covered tiles. The large terracotta on containters. The Kothi and kotal are used for the safe keeping of jewellery, food grains and for other domestic articles of every day use.

PETHAPUR HAVELI HUT, GUJARAT:

Pethapur is a small town famous for print block making near Gandhi Nagar, Gujarat. This double storeyed Haveli is an exact reconstruction of the traditional architecture of Pethapur and is 100 years old. It is solid wooden floors, ceilings and doors. This house is a fine example of traditional wood carving. Special mention can be made of the intricate wood carvings on the pillars and mainly on the Gokhda the Balcony.

PITHORA, GUJARAT:

This Rathwa Tribal hut is from Rangpur Sadli Village of Chotta Udaipur. The tribal is located in the District of Vadodara. Agriculture is the main work of this people. They lead a full of artistic simplicity in dancing music, painting and beadwork. The walls seperating the kitchen and living storing space is used for the rituals, painting of propitiating and fulfilling a vow to Pitho of Baba, the motadur or Great God of the Rathwa.

DANG, GUJARAT:

Dang is located in the Sahyadri hills fo South Gujarat. Kunbis, a tribal communities are lived in the dense forests. They are traditional kunbis. They are traditional formers. The small houses are made of wooden poles and bamboo. The strips are woven in crisscross fashion and a mixture of clay and dung is applied on the scaffolding for adhesion the roofs are tied. The speciality of the kumbi house is that the main living space is used for tying animals and storying agricultural impliments A container made of Bamboo leaves and clay is used to store food grains.

BHIL HUT, RAJASTHAN:

Bhil is a generic term for the tribals livings along the border areas of Rajasthan, Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh. The Bhils were forest dwellers, hunters and food gatherers till the last century. Now, they have taken to agriculture, Bhils under take. The process of hut building generally after the festival of Holi. When the oncoming Lean Season of summer provides the necessary free time. Locally available elements of the stone, wood and earth are used for constructions.

MUSEUM:

The museum presents glimpses of the folklore of the four member states. Costumes, headgear and shoes are displayed on one side, the other side displays selected household utensils and kitchenware and different types of folk musical instruments. Decorative articles, wooden toys and ornaments are also exhibited. (Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra and Goa) Camel leather oil pot and Khati-Camel sitting Chair also displayed. Ganguar festival in Rajasthan, Udaipur is model in the museum. Gujarat 'Pitara' festival is also exhibited. Bamboo basketing in Goa, a terracotta from Rajasthan and Gujarat are also displayed.

KOTHI MUSEUM:

Kothi Museum displays containers commonly used to store food grains in the rural areas of Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharastra and Goa. They are made of mud, Dung, Bamboo, Grass and locally available resources depicting the handwork traditions of the area. Noteworthy is the use of mud. Relief work mirrors and different earth colours used with aesthectic simplicity.

Bagore Ki Haveli Museum : Introduction

Situated on the picturesque bank of Picchola Lake, Bagore Ki Haveli was built by Amarchand Badava, chief minister of the former Bagore thikana in the 18th century. This palatial building reportedly has 138 rooms, balconies, terraces, courtyards and corridors. What was once upon a time a living centre of nobility of Udaipur lay in darkness and ruin for nearly half a century till when it was handed over in 1986 to the West Zone Cultural Centre (WZCC).

Right from the beginning, the WZCC thought it appropriate to convert the Haveli into a museum. Originally the idea was to represent the culture of Maharashtra, Goa, Gujarat and Rajasthan, the West Zone States, in the proposed museum. On second thoughts it was felt that the Haveli had a very typical and charming architectural style and a unique character - it was a veritable architectural museum by itself - and therefore it would not be appropriate to bring into it features of Goan or Maharashtrian culture which would be ill-at-ease in an unrelated environment like the Haveli. It was then decided in 1992, that the Haveli should be restored and preserved as a museum of Mewar's aristocratic culture as it may be imagined to have existed in the 18th and 19th centuries. The idea was not to realistically reconstruct the past, but to symbolically invoke the spirit of the by-gone culture by means of a few selected objects displayed in a context that would defy the conventional notion of a museum and also save itself from the arduous task of artificial reconstruction of history under the name of 'authenticity'.

With these thoughts in mind, the Haveli was restored, primarily using local traditional materials and skills. Several murals done in araish technique in the 18th and 19th centuries, which were lying covered behind layers of subsequent white-washes, were uncovered during restoration, and doors, windows and perforated screens were repaired or replaced.

A few rooms and passages have been brought to a kind of imaginary lived-in condition of the Haveli, as it were, in its heyday, by a display of floor-coverings, low tables, Hookahs, paan-boxes, nut crackers, hand-fans, rosewater sprinklers and several such household objects of everyday life. A conscious attempt has been made here to avoid a romantic reconstruction of the culture that was. It is essentially a museum which tries to re-interpret architecture, life-style and the cultural ethos of days of yore from the vantage point of the present.

Currently a few spaces such as the women's' private chambers, a dressing-room, a shrine for domestic worship, a bathroom and a recreation room have been restored and displayed.

THE HAVELI

This Haveli was built by Shri Amar Chand Badwa who was the premier of Mewar during Maharana Pratap Singh II (1751-1754), Maharana Raj Singh (1754-1761), Maharana Ari Singh (1761-1773) Maharana Hamir Singh (1773-1778). After the death of Shri Badwa this edifice came under the domain of Mewar State.

Maharaj Nath Singh ji was first to ascend the throne of Bagore Jageer. He was the II son of Maharana Sangram Singh II (1710-1734) By the virtue of being Maharana's brother, the chief of Bagore was given the title of Maharaj. Maharana Jawan Singh (1828-1838) died without any issue. Maharana Sardar Singh, Maharana Swaroop Singh, Maharana Shambhu Singh and Maharana Sajjan Singh (1874-1884) were the Maharana of Mewar who were adopted from Bagore Thikana..

Maharaj Shakti Singh of Bagore built the palace on tripolia (the three gates) in 1878. In the year 1880, Maharana Sajjan Singh came to Bagore Ki Haveli and awarded the ownership title of Bagore to his father Maharaj Shri Shakti Singh and declared him the chief of Bagore Jageer.

As there was no descendent (a boy child) born to the chief of Bagore, Maharana Fateh Singh (1884-1955) merged the property of Bagore Jageer in the state of Mewar. Hence Bagore Ki Haveli became the property of Mewar State. Maharana Bhopal Singh (1930-1955) Renovated this Haveli and converted it into a III grade Guest House.

After the merger of Mewar State into Indian Union, this Haveli was handed over to Public Works Department of Govt of Rajasthan. In the year 1986, this Haveli was given to West Zone Cultural Centre.

The restoration work of Bagore-ki-Haveli was completed by West Zone Cultural Centre in the year 1997. The restoration was done through Institute for Revival of Traditional Building Arts - Avas Vikas Sansthan and in consultation with Architect Shri Rajeev Khanna.

ENTERTAINMENT ROOM

Entertainment has an important role in human life. Every segment of human socity created its own sources of entertainment. Havelies & Royal Houses of Mewar had Chess, Chaupad, Snakes and Ladders mainly as the games of indoor entertainment. This not only improved their skill of ruling and war planning but also enhanced the player's power to think. Depicting this tradition, this room exhibits Chess, Chaupad, Snakes and Ladders and Ganjifa the popular indoor games. The women of the Royal household played here during leisure hours with their intimate friends and relatives.

SHAYAN KAKSH (Bed-Room)

The bedroom was arranged in such a fashion that the ladies could be comfortable in all seasons. In summers, the cloth ceiling fans were pulled by the maids (Dawadi) to fan the residents. In winters the room was heated by placing Sigdies ( metal hearths) in it. The decor of the room was according to the taste of the Queen. The room had a Dholia (bed) with mattress, quilt, pillows, handfans etc. It also had drinking water arrangement, wooden trunks for clothes and footwear etc.

Gangaur Kahsh (Room of Gangaur)

In Mewar, the festival of Gangaur and Teej are celebrated with a grand ceremony . This is a festival of 'Gan' (Lord Shiva) and ' Gaur' (his wife Parvati). Lord Shiva is worshipped in form of ' Issar' and Goddess Parvati is worshipped as 'Gangaur'. Tripolia (Three gates), the front part of this Haveli leads to Gangaur Ghat where citizens of Udaipur congregate to celebrate and witness the Gangaur Festival.

SHRINGAR KAKSH (Dressing Room)

Shringar Kaksh, the dressing room consisted of the Manjush (Wooden trunks) with fineries which the ladies wore. The women residents of Mewar Havelies and Royal Household wore colourful and designs in different seasons . They wore phagniya in the month fagun (February- March) and Lahariya in the month of Shrawan (July-August). The room had jewellery box and various metal boxes consisting of valuable and rare ornaments. After dressing-up the ladies applied perfumes from the itra-daan exhibited in the room. Perfumes were mainly the extract of roses,, jasmines, sandalwood etc.

Snanagar (Bath Room)

The bathroom arrangements of Raniwas (Queen's Suit) was changed with the change of seasons. Bathroom had tubs (kundi) and pitchers (Gola) made of brass, copper and metal alloys. The lady would be seated on the wooden seat and bathed after applying pithi ( a paste of turmeric, gramflour and fresh cream) then given a wash with milk and sandalwood mixed water by maids. The bathing material mainly consisted of Pithi, Multani Clay, Avamla, Ritha. To clean the dirt from heels and feet Jhawar (Metal or clay scrub) was used.

MAJISA KA QUAMRA ( Room of Maharaja's Mother)

The room of Ma-Ji-Sa, as she was a widow, had white setting as white is a symbol of purity. The room had her personal pooja (temple) the portraits of her husband and paintings depicting episodes from scriptures etc.

POOJA KAKSH (Room for Worship)

The queens of the Royal household worshipped their Isht-Dev ( Deity in whom they reposed faith) at their own residence. A room for worship was made in the haveli premises to make their easy access possible.

BAITHAK (Sitting Room)

A room where the queen sat with her friend and relatives to discuss issues pertaining to politics, social life and to chitchat. This place was called Queens Darikhana. This room exhibits the peculiar sitting arrangements of the Queens Darikhana.

KITCHEN (Rasoda)

Each royal house had a separate kitchen where delicious food was prepared for the members and the guests of royal families. Kitchen were equipped with large size metal and wooden utensils. Separate stores existed to store food grains and allied materials.

PARENDA

In the Havelies and Royal households a Parenda (Drinking water storage) was near the kitchen. The maids of queens filled water for their mistresses from here. Parenda consisted of neat terracotta and copper pitchers. From the parenda, water was taken to different apartments of queens in small pitchers.

MUSIC AND STUDY ROOM

The residents of Havelies and Royal households were the greatest patrons of art and were passionately involved in it. In consonance with this tradition, every Haveli had a music and study room. This indicated the inclinations of the occupants towards music and literature. This room was an institution in itself where ladies of the Haveli learnt music, studied literature and scriptures. These rooms were equiped with musical instruments like sarangi, nagada, shehnai, dholak, flute, chang etc

.

Pages

Thursday, 1 March 2018

Bagore Ki Haveli

BAGORE-KI-HAVELI MUSEUM

The Art Gallery provides a platform for the exhibitions of young & upcoming artists.

Lonely Planet review for Bagore-Ki-Haveli

Introduction

Special Attributes

Nuisance

Dressing restrictions

Connectivity

Enjoyed by

Exposure

Avoidable Season

Facilities

Things Not Allowed

Tip

Type of site

BAGORE-KI-HAVELI MUSEUM

The Art Gallery provides a platform for the exhibitions of young & upcoming artists.

ifjp;

BAGORE-KI-HAVELI MUSEUM

The Art Gallery provides a platform for the exhibitions of young & upcoming artists.

Lonely Planet review for Bagore-Ki-Haveli

Introduction

Special Attributes

Nuisance

Dressing restrictions

Connectivity

Enjoyed by

Exposure

Avoidable Season

Facilities

Things Not Allowed

Tip

Type of site

BAGORE-KI-HAVELI MUSEUM

The Art Gallery provides a platform for the exhibitions of young & upcoming artists.

A STUDY ABOUT SHILPGRAM

KINDS OF HUTS

Bagore Ki Haveli Museum : Introduction

Currently a few spaces such as the women's' private chambers, a dressing-room, a shrine for domestic worship, a bathroom and a recreation room have been restored and displayed.

THE HAVELI

ENTERTAINMENT ROOM

No comments:

Post a Comment